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Blood and Immunity Review By Akrum Hamdy The Components of Blood 1. Red blood cells 2. White blood cells 3. Plasma 4. Platelets Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Function: • “working class” • Deliver oxygen to the tissues of the body, and transport carbon dioxide to the lungs. Structure: • No nucleus or organelles (leaves room for hemoglobin) • Round with a hollow domed depression. Hemoglobin • Is a protein that carries oxygen on RBC’s. – Oxyhemoglobin • When hemoglobin picks up carbon dioxide we call it: – Carbaminohemoglobin Each is composed of heme, and iron-containing pigment. The iron is what is responsible for binding with the oxygen. Anemia • Lack of oxygen delivery to tissues. • Results when there is a deficiency in hemoglobin or red blood cells (will have low iron levels as well). • Characterized by low energy levels. • Most common cause of low RBC count is hemorrhage. – Also: physical injury, bleeding ulcer, bleeding lungs b/c of tuberculosis, and iron deficiency). White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Function: • “fighting elite” • Important in defending the body against infections and foreign substances (via phagocytosis and antibodies). Structure: • Have a nucleus. Platelets Function: • Produced by large nucleated cells in the bone marrow. Small fragments of larger cells (very small). Blood Clots: • Damaged tissue releases a substance that attracts platelets (makes them “sticky”). The platelet swells and sticks to the tissue. These platelets attract more platelets, until they form a plug and stop the bleeding. • A dry clot exposed to air is called a “scab”. The Purpose of Blood Clotting • Prevents the loss of blood from a torn or ruptured blood vessel. • When damage occurs platelets are activated and accumulate in that location. • Platelets release a protein called thromboplastin. • Thromboplastin and calcium ions activate a plasma protein called prothrombin thromboplastin and Ca prothrombin thrombin • Thrombin fibrinogen fibrin Plasma Function: • “Fluid portion of blood” • Pale yellow fluid (serum) that contains most of the nutrient and chemical needs to the body. Plasma Continued Components of Blood Plasma: Water Nutrients (glucose and amino acids) Gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) Proteins (for transport, clotting and antibodies) Albumins, proteins that establish the osmotic pressure that draws water back into the capillaries. Globulins, provide protection against invading microbes. Fibrinogen, important in blood clotting. Ions (sodium, chlorine and potassium) Hormones Vitamins and minerals Definitions: • Antigen protein that is foreign from your body. They come from bacteria, viruses, allergens, or tissues from another organism. Stimulates the formation of antibodies. • Antibody is a protein made by YOUR body, that react (“stick”) with an antigen. • Agglutination When an antibody binds to an antigen, they will all clump together, making it much easier for leukocytes (WBC) to find the foreign body. Blood Group Antigens Antibodies Can You Give Blood To Can Receive blood from AB A and B None AB AB, A, B, O A A B A and AB A and O B B A B and AB B and O O None A and B AB, A, B, and O O Vaccines • Living attenuated microbes: These are mutants of microbes that have lost the ability, either naturally or by treatment in the laboratory, to produce the dangerous, clinical disease. • Dead Microbes: These vaccines consist of growing up cultures of the virulent, diseaseproducing microbial strains and killing them in such a way that they retain their ability to stimulate the body to produce an immunological response to the live form. First Line of Defense: Non-specific Immunity Second Line of Defense: NonSpecific Immunity • Activated if invaders take up residence within the body. • Phagocytic cells – Macrophage and Neutrophils Recognizing Harmful Antigens 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. a. b. Bacterium enters body Infected cells and macrophages release interleukin 1 which activates helper T cells. Once the macrophage has engulfed the bacterium, it pushes the antigen markers to its outer membrane and presents it to the helper T cell. Helper T cells identify the antigen present on the surface of the macrophage and are now turned “ON”. Release interleukin 2. Interleukin 2 stimulates: B cells identifies the blueprint of the antigen and begins to divide, turn into plasma cells and produce antibodies. Stimulate killer T cells. Cause the infected cells to lyses. B cells • Function: produce antibodies. • Each B cell produced a specific antibody. Primary Response Takes 10-17 days Secondary Response Takes 2-7 days Antigen-Antibody Reactions Antibodies: • Antibodies are Y shaped and designed to target foreign invaders. • Specific antibody = specific antigen • Tails are constant; variable region at outer ends of the arms. • Each antibody can only attach to its complementary marker. AIDS is an immunodeficiency disease caused by a virus • Virus infects helper T cells. • Immune system is suppressed SAFE SEX!!! Allergies • Occurs when your immune system mistakes harmless antigens for harmful invaders. • For example: If you are allergic to peanuts, your body recognizes one of the proteins in peanuts as dangerous. • Tissue swelling, mucous secretions and sometimes closed airways are a part of the immune response. Anaphylactic Reactions (severe allergic rxns) • These reactions involve the circulatory or respiratory systems; accompanied by swelling, hives, and itching. • When you ingest something (food or medicine) that your body believes is dangerous, it releases a chemical messenger bradykinin. The chemical stimulates the release of histamine. Autoimmune Diseases • Immune system attacks own body cells and tissues. • Mutated B and T cells • The failure of suppressor T cells to control the renegade cell is an autoimmune disease (rheumatoid arthritis and MS). Organ Transplant Matches • Major histocompatibility complex protein fingerprints unique to each individual. • Often look to close relatives for transplant. • Research of drugs that will stops the immune rejection of the transplant. Downfall, is that this increases patient risk for infection. HAPPY STUDYING!!!