Download Ch. 3 Dynamic Earth

The Dynamic Earth
Chapter 3
Layers of the Earth
Hydrosphere
 Atmosphere
 Geosphere
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The Geosphere
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Chapter 1, Section 1
The Composition of Earth
The upper and lower crust, the mantle,
and the core
 Core – Earth’s innermost compositional
layer
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Earthquake
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An earthquake is the vibrations of the
Earth’s crust caused by slippage along a fault
The energy released by an earthquake
occurs in the form of seismic waves
Volcanoes
A mountain built from magma – melted
rock – that rises from the Earth’s interior
to the surface
 Most are located around the Pacific
Rim
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Which of the following does NOT both
remove and add gases to the atmosphere?
 Plants
 Animals
 Automobiles
 Volcanic Eruptions
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Wind and Water Erosion
Likely to effect: mountains, beaches, soil,
soft rocks
 Not Likely to effect: tides
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The Atmosphere
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Chapter 1, Section 2
Layers of Atmosphere
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Troposphere – Nearest Earth’s surface
◦ The densest atmospheric layer
◦ Where all of Earth’s weather occurs
Stratosphere – O-Zone layer
Mesosphere – Coldest layer of atmosphere
Thermosphere – Where nitrogen and
oxygen absorb solar radiation The
topmost layer
Ionosphere – the lower Thermosphere
Greenhouse Gasses

GREENHOUSE gases in the
atmosphere, including WATER
VAPOR, trap radiated heat and help
maintain surface air temperature
Surface Currents

Surface currents in the ocean can
influence CLIMATES OF land areas
they flow past because they CARRY
WARMER OR COLDER WATER
GREAT DISTANCES
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer
Radiation – The transfer of energy
across space
 Conduction – The flow of heat from a
warmer object to a colder object when
the objects are placed in direct physical
contact
 Convection – The transfer of heat by air
currents
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The Hydrosphere and Biosphere

Chapter 3, Section 3
Hydrosphere
Includes all of the water on or near
Earth’s surface
 What about the water below Earth’s
surface?
 There are two types of water: salt water
and fresh water, in which salt water
obviously contains more salt

The Water Cycle
The continuous movement of water into
the air, onto land, and then back to water
 Evaporation – the process in which liquid
water is heated by the sun and then rises
into the atmosphere as water vapor
 Condensation – water vapor that forms
droplets on dust particles
 Precipitation – rain, snow, sleet, or hail
that falls from clouds

Aerosols

Aerosols are tiny, liquid droplets found in
the atmosphere
World Ocean

A single, large, interconnected body of
water that covers 70% of Earth’s surface
Ocean Layers
Surface Zone, Thermocline, and Deep
Zone
 The DEEP ZONE of ocean is from
base of thermocline to the bottom of
the ocean

What drives the ocean surface
currents?
Tectonic plates
 Gravity
 Salinity
 Wind

Deepest Ocean
The four main oceans are the Arctic,
Indian, Atlantic, and the Pacific
 The deepest ocean is the Pacific
 Called the Challenger Deep
 11,033 m below sea level
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Thermocline

Boundary between warm and cold
water in ocean or lake
Where is most of the World’s fresh
water?
Only ~3% of the world’s water is fresh
water
 Most of the world’s fresh water is found
in the ice caps and glaciers

Tributaries

Tributaries are smaller streams or rivers
that flow into larger ones
Recharge Zone

Land surface area where water enters
an aquifer
Pack Ice

Forms when frozen seawater is driven
together by wind and waves
Picture References
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Listed in order that they appear
http://www-bprc.mps.ohiostate.edu/education/rr/index.php?activity=layers_of_the_ea
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http://www.thebestlinks.com/Cascadia_Earthquake.html
http://www.greendiary.com/entry/q13-how-does-a-supervolcano-blow-up-to-cover-an-entire-continent-with-ash
http://www.flickr.com/photos/benwhitlock/307834571/
http://history.nasa.gov/NP-119/p71.htm
http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/images/ocp2003/ocpfy2003fig5-1.htm
http://www.gdargaud.net/Antarctica/WinterDC3.html
http://homepage.risd41.org/kreimers/stories/storyReader$
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http://www.news.com/2300-11397_3-6126409-5.html
http://www.madison.k12.wi.us/shorewood/tributary.htm