Download Study Guide on Ch 5 and 6

Chapter 5: Chemical Reactions
A. Exergonic vs Endergonic Reactions
B. 3 Types of chemical reactions: Synthesis, Decomposition, and Exchange
Reactions
C. How to calculate Calories
D. Factors influencing the rate of reactions
E. Chemical Reactions
a. Hydrogenation
b. Hydration
i. How to apply the Markovnikov’s Rule
ii. How to recognize the right product
F. Organic Oxidation and Reduction
a. OIL RIG
b. Loss/Gain of Oxygen
c. Loss/Gain of Hydrogen
G. Condensation and Hydrolysis
a. Condensation I
i. RCOOH
+
A carboxylic acid
R’OH
→
an alcohol
b. Condensation II
i. RCOOH
+
A carboxylic acid
R’NH2
→ RCOKHR’
an amine
an amide
RCOOR’
an ester
+
H. Hydrolysis is a reverse reaction of G.a. and G.b.
I. Functional Groups
a. Review the handout on the functional groups
b. Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
c. Primary, secondary, tertiary amines and ammonium ion
J. Balance the combustion (oxidation) of alkanes CnH2n+2
H2O
+
H2O
Chapter 6: Carbohydrates
A. Classification
a. Mono-, Di-, Oligo- and Poly-saccharides
b. Triose, tetrose, pentose, and hexose
c. Aldose and Ketose
B. Fischer Projection vs Wedge-and-dash (p. 219)
C. Identify chiral centers
D. D- and L-isomers (or configurations)
E. Drawing of Mirror Image
F. What is a hemiacetal group (p. 228)
G. What is an anomeric carbon (pp. 228 – 229)
a. What are alpha- () and beta- () anomers? (p. 229 bottom)
H. Primary alcohols Oxidize to corresponding aldehydes (see the equation
below)
I. Aldehydes are further oxidized to carboxylic acids.
J. Secondary alcohols to corresponding ketones. No more oxidation!
K. Benedict’s Test:
a. Positive for aldehydes only
b. Sugars which are Benedict’s positive are Reducing Sugars!
c. Negative for the rest of functional groups including ketones
L. Glycocidic Bonds (p. 236)
a. Used to link another sugar molecule.
b. (1→4) glycocidic bond
c. (1→4) glycocidic bond
M. We’ll skip this section!
<< BEST LUCK TO ALL!!! >>