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Artificial intelligence (AI) What is ‘ AI ‘ ? Cars that drive themselves •2005: DARPA grand challenge http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8274817955695344576&hl=en •2011: Google self-driving cars http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXeUu_Y6W Ow natural language: The Turing Test http://www.pandorabots.com/pandora/talk?b otid=f5d922d97e345aa1 A.L.I.C.E. talking to ELIZA (circa 2005) http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza/eliza.html natural language: machine translation natural language: question answering game: chess WWW: web search •Ranking is everything smart people in Google, Yahoo!, MSN, etc. e.g. Peter Norvig •A whole Search Engine Optimizer (SEO) industry Promote your webpage’s rank in search engines Some bad reputations (spam the search engines) http://www.google.com/webmasters/seo.html WWW: driving directions robotics إذن ..ما هو الذكاء االصطناعي !.. يهدف علم الذكاء االصطناعي إلى فهم طبيعة الذكاء اإلنساني عن طريق عمل برامج للحاسب اآللي قادرة على محاكاة السلوك اإلنساني .وتعني قدرة برنامج الحاسب على حل مسألة ما أو اتخاذ قرار في موقف.... يهتم علم الذكاء االصطناعي بالعمليات المعرفية التي يستخدمها اإلنسان في تأدية األعمال التي نعدها ذكية. وتختلف هذه األعمال اختالفا بينا في طبيعتها , فقد تكون فهم نص لغوي منطوق أو مكتوب أو لعب الشطرنج أو حل لغز أو مسألة رياضية أو كتابة قصيدة شعرية أو القيام بتشخيص طبي أو االستدالل على طريق لالنتقال من مكان إلى آخر. ويبدأ الباحث في علم الذكاء االصطناعي عمله أوال باختيار أحد األنشطة المتفق على أنها ذكية ثم يضع بعض الفروض عما يستخدمه اإلنسان لدى قيامه بهذا النشاط من معلومات واستدالالت ..ثم يدخل هذه في برنامج للحاسب اآللي ثم يقوم بمالحظة سلوك هذا البرنامج.... . History of AI The human aspiration to create intelligent machines has appeared in myth and literature for thousands of years, from stories . After thousands of years of fantasy, the appearance of the digital computer, with its native, human-like ability to process symbols, made it seem that the myth of the man-made intelligence would finally become reality. Origins The early history of artificial intelligence, from Greek myth through the work of Alan Turing in the 1950s. After 1950 The challenges of creating artificial intelligence in the age of the digital computer. Problems The general problem of simulating (or creating) intelligence has been broken down into a number of specific subproblems. These consist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers would like an intelligent system to display. The traits described below have received the most attention : • • • • • • • • Deduction, reasoning, problem solving حل المشكالت,المنطق,االستدالل Knowledge representation تمثيل المعرفة Planning التخطيط Learning التعلم Natural language processing معالجة اللغات الطبيعية Motion and manipulation الحركة والتعامل Perception اإلدراك Main articles: Machine perception, Computer vision, and Speech recognition • Social intelligence الذكاء االجتماعي List of programming languages • IPL[1] was the first language developed for artificial intelligence. • Lisp[2] is a practical mathematical notation for computer programs based on lambda calculus. • Prolog[3][4] is a declarative language where programs are expressed in terms of relations, and execution occurs by running queries over these relations. Prolog is particularly useful for symbolic reasoning, database and language parsing applications. Prolog is widely used in AI today. • STRIPS is a language for expressing automated planning problem instances. • Planner is a hybrid between procedural and logical languages. • AI applications are also often written in standard languages like C++ and languages designed for mathematics, such as MATLAB and Lush. now What is the Applications of artificial intelligence ?... • • Typical problems to which AI methods are applied Pattern recognition – – – – • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Optical character recognition Handwriting recognition Speech recognition Face recognition Artificial Creativity Computer vision, Virtual reality and Image processing Diagnosis (artificial intelligence) Game theory and Strategic planning Game artificial intelligence and Computer game bot Natural language processing, Translation and Chatterbots Nonlinear control and Robotics Other fields in which AI methods are implemented Artificial life Automated reasoning Automation Biologically inspired computing Concept mining Data mining Knowledge representation Semantic Web E-mail spam filtering •Robotics •Behavior-based robotics •Cognitive •Cybernetics •Developmental robotics •Epigenetic robotics •Evolutionary robotics •Hybrid intelligent system •Intelligent agent •Intelligent control •Litigation What have we learned TODAY ? There’s no magic in AI. It’s all about optimization, statistics, logic, and algorithms.