Download Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI)
What is ‘ AI ‘ ?
Cars that drive themselves
•2005: DARPA grand challenge
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8274817955695344576&hl=en
•2011: Google self-driving cars
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXeUu_Y6W
Ow
natural language:
The Turing Test
http://www.pandorabots.com/pandora/talk?b
otid=f5d922d97e345aa1
A.L.I.C.E. talking to ELIZA (circa 2005)
http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza/eliza.html
natural language: machine translation
natural language: question answering
game: chess
WWW: web search
•Ranking is everything
smart people in Google, Yahoo!, MSN, etc.
e.g. Peter Norvig
•A whole Search Engine Optimizer (SEO) industry
Promote your webpage’s rank in search engines
Some bad reputations (spam the search engines)
http://www.google.com/webmasters/seo.html
WWW: driving directions
robotics
‫إذن ‪..‬ما هو الذكاء االصطناعي ‪!..‬‬
‫يهدف علم الذكاء االصطناعي إلى فهم طبيعة الذكاء اإلنساني‬
‫عن طريق عمل برامج للحاسب اآللي قادرة على محاكاة‬
‫السلوك اإلنساني‪ .‬وتعني قدرة برنامج الحاسب على حل‬
‫مسألة ما أو اتخاذ قرار في موقف‪....‬‬
‫يهتم علم‬
‫الذكاء االصطناعي بالعمليات المعرفية التي يستخدمها اإلنسان في تأدية‬
‫األعمال التي نعدها ذكية‪.‬‬
‫وتختلف هذه األعمال اختالفا بينا في طبيعتها ‪,‬‬
‫فقد تكون فهم نص لغوي منطوق أو مكتوب أو لعب الشطرنج‬
‫أو حل لغز أو مسألة رياضية أو كتابة قصيدة شعرية أو القيام بتشخيص‬
‫طبي أو االستدالل على طريق لالنتقال من مكان إلى آخر‪.‬‬
‫ويبدأ الباحث‬
‫في علم الذكاء االصطناعي عمله أوال باختيار أحد األنشطة المتفق على‬
‫أنها ذكية ثم يضع بعض الفروض عما يستخدمه اإلنسان لدى قيامه‬
‫بهذا النشاط من معلومات واستدالالت ‪ ..‬ثم يدخل هذه في برنامج للحاسب‬
‫اآللي ثم يقوم بمالحظة سلوك هذا البرنامج‪.... .‬‬
History of AI
The human aspiration to create intelligent machines
has appeared in myth and literature for thousands of
years, from stories .
After thousands of years of fantasy, the appearance of
the digital computer, with its native, human-like ability
to process symbols, made it seem that the myth of the
man-made intelligence would
finally become reality.
Origins The early history of artificial intelligence, from Greek myth through
the work of Alan Turing in the 1950s.
After 1950 The challenges of creating artificial intelligence in the age of the
digital computer.
Problems
The general problem of simulating (or
creating) intelligence has been broken
down into a number of specific subproblems. These consist of particular
traits or capabilities that researchers
would like an intelligent system to
display. The traits described below
have received the most attention :
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Deduction, reasoning, problem solving ‫حل المشكالت‬,‫المنطق‬,‫االستدالل‬
Knowledge representation ‫تمثيل المعرفة‬
Planning ‫التخطيط‬
Learning ‫التعلم‬
Natural language processing ‫معالجة اللغات الطبيعية‬
Motion and manipulation ‫الحركة والتعامل‬
Perception ‫اإلدراك‬
Main articles: Machine perception, Computer vision, and Speech
recognition
• Social intelligence ‫الذكاء االجتماعي‬
List of programming languages
• IPL[1] was the first language developed for artificial intelligence.
• Lisp[2] is a practical mathematical notation for computer programs
based on lambda calculus.
• Prolog[3][4] is a declarative language where programs are expressed
in terms of relations, and execution occurs by running queries over
these relations. Prolog is particularly useful for symbolic reasoning,
database and language parsing applications. Prolog is widely used in
AI today.
• STRIPS is a language for expressing automated planning problem
instances.
• Planner is a hybrid between procedural and logical languages.
• AI applications are also often written in standard languages
like C++ and languages designed for mathematics, such
as MATLAB and Lush.
now
What is the Applications of artificial
intelligence ?...
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Typical problems to which AI methods are applied
Pattern recognition
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Optical character recognition
Handwriting recognition
Speech recognition
Face recognition
Artificial Creativity
Computer vision, Virtual reality and Image processing
Diagnosis (artificial intelligence)
Game theory and Strategic planning
Game artificial intelligence and Computer game bot
Natural language processing, Translation and Chatterbots
Nonlinear control and Robotics
Other fields in which AI methods are implemented
Artificial life
Automated reasoning
Automation
Biologically inspired computing
Concept mining
Data mining
Knowledge representation
Semantic Web
E-mail spam filtering
•Robotics
•Behavior-based robotics
•Cognitive
•Cybernetics
•Developmental robotics
•Epigenetic robotics
•Evolutionary robotics
•Hybrid intelligent system
•Intelligent agent
•Intelligent control
•Litigation
What have we learned TODAY ?
There’s no magic in AI. It’s all about
optimization, statistics, logic, and
algorithms.