Download Growth and development

Growth and development
Growth size
Maturation biologically based unfolding of forms and
functions
Development acquisition of capacities and functions that
evolve through experiences that influence elements
provided by maturation
Theories of mind
Psychoanalytic theory
Learning theory
Cognitive theory
Psychosocial theory
Psychoanalytic theory
Based on concept of conflict
Sigmund Freud
Neurotic disorders
Basic concepts
1- Unconscious mental process
Topography of mind
2- Psychic determinism
3- Instincts, drives, desires
4- Psychosexual stages
Oral birth to 18 months
Anal 18 to 36
Phallic stage 3-6 years
Oedipal conflict
Castration anxiety
Latency
Genital
Fixation
Regression
5- Mental defense mechanisms
Unconscious transient or fixed
Repression, denial, projection, reaction formation,
rationalization, intellectualization, undoing, regression
6- Structural model of mind
Id ego superego
Psychotherapy
Hypnosis
Free association
Resistance
Transference
Countertranceferance
Learning theory (behaviorism)
Acquisition and organization of patterns, responses and
reactions, behavior is governed by learning principles
and subject to influence of external environment
Focus on external events
Objective observation
Basic concepts
1- Learning, acquisition modification and elimination,
conditioning
2- stimulus
3- response
4- motivation
5- reward
Primary, drives
Secondary, motives e.g. praise
6-Exstinction
7-types of learning
Classical conditioning Pavlov
Elicit inherent behavior
Unconditioned stimulus, response
Conditioned stimulus, response
Operant conditioning Skinner
Reinforcement, continuous, fixed, variable
Positive or negative
Observational and imitational
Behavior therapy
Reinforcement
Desensitization
Cognitive development
Jean Piaget
Development of the process of perceiving, interacting
and thinking of environment
Observational and depends on making inferences
Spectrum from reflexes to abstract ideas
Stages each depend on other
Basic concepts
Classic and innate reflexes
Assimilation: incorporation of present external stimuli
to present schema
Accommodation: modification of the present schema
to incorporate more varied stimuli
Adaptation
Stages
1- sensor motor birth -2years
Reflex operations birth-1 month No margin
between what is self and what is non self
Innate reflexes,
Synchronizing reflex patterns
Generating actions and seeing results
Differentiate between an object and action
Means to ends, Object permanence,
Think of action Forming representations, symbols,
words
Differentiation of self from objects
Intellectual conceptual thought
2- conceptual representational stage 2 years –
maturity
* Preoperational stage, early thinking 2-4 years
thinking or planning actions and considering
consequences
* Intuitive thinking 4-7 years, increasing
symbolic thoughts
Similarities and differences
* Concrete operational stage 7-11 years, object
Reversibility, conservation, simple logical
thinking
* Abstract operational goes beyond visible objects
Psychosocial development
Erick Eriksson
Originally dynamic
Stages of development
*At each stage there is body zone or environmental
experience at which social interaction occurs
* At each a social task or crisis
1-oral sensory stage 1 year trust vs. mistrust
2- Muscular anal 1-3 ys autonomy vs. shame
3- Loco motor genital 3-6 competitive behavior
Initiative versus guilt
4- Latency 6-12 industry vs. inferiority
competativeness with groop, cooperation, aggression
and acceptance
5- Adolescence 12-18 identity vs. role confusion
6- Young adulthood 20-30 ys intimacy vs.
isolation
7- Adulthood 30-65 year's generativity vs. self
absorption children, work, options
8- maturity 65 ego integrity vs. despair
Physical decline,mortality,losses