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Behavior in living
organisms
Behavior in one celled
organisms
Behavior in plants
Behavior in animals
What is a stimulus?
• Stimulus is an information from the inside
or outside of the organism.
Stimulus(stimuli) creates a response
(physiological or behavioral) in the
organism.
• Stimuli triggers a special kind of behavior
for each species. Only that species
respond to that stimuli.
What is behavior?
• Behavior is a way of response to the
stimuli.
• Behavior supports the survival of the
organism.
• Prey escapes from the predator. Predator
follows prey. Plants respond to light.
• The science which investigates behavior is
called ethology.
Instinctive
(natural) behavior
• That is performed
without having been
learned.
• Feeding,
reproduction, bird
song
• Reflexes and
instincts
Learned
behavior
• That is changed
with experience.
• Imprinting
• Conditioning
• Trial-error
• Habituation
Behavior in one celled organisms
Behavior -depending on
the direction of the stimuli
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
+ or –
Replacement (taxis)
+ chemotaxis:toward
- chemotaxis: away
+ phototaxis:
- phototaxis:
geotaxis
Behavior -not depending on
the direction of the stimuli
• Nasty
• The direction of the
stimulus is not
important. Cell gives
the same response
• Geonasty-geonastic
Behavior in plants
Behavior -depending on
the direction of the stimuli
•
•
•
•
Tropism
+ phototropism:
- geotropism:stem
- chemotropism:
against chemicals
• Hydrotropism:
• heliotropism
Behavior -not depending on
the direction of the stimuli
• Nasty
• Geonasty-geonastic
photonastic
• Thermonastic
• Sismonastic
Tropism types
• Chemotropism, movement or growth in response to
chemicals
• Geotropism or Gravitropism, movement or growth in response
to gravity
• Hydrotropism, movement or growth in response to moisture
or water
• Heliotropism, movement or growth in response to sunlight
• Phototropism, movement or growth in response to light
• Thermotropism, movement or growth in response to
temperature
• Thigmotropism, movement or growth in response to touch or
contact
•
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropism
• http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/psycholo
gy/psych1a6/1aa3/EvoPsych/lec1-2.htm
• http://www.animalbehavioronline.com/
• http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/vecas
e/Behavior/index.html
Behavior in animals
Reflexes
• Reflexes are sudden and fixed
behaviors. (reaction) controlled
by ???
• The reflexes are not performed
conciously. Spinal cord is
involved for these kind of
behaviors not brain.
• Grasp reflex of a baby
important for catching mother.
Instincts
• Instinctive behavior is performed
without being learned.
• It is a concious behavior. That person
is sure(concious) about what he is
doing. Brain is involved.
• Migration, nesting, looking after
youngs
• Endocrine and nervous system
involve in behavior. The most
important centers in the body are
hypophysis and hypothalamus.
What is learning?
• The behavioral changes as a result of the
experiences form learning. Learning
causes a change of behavior.
• Imprinting
• Conditioning
• Trial-error
• Habituation
Imprinting
• Learning occurring at a particular age or a
particular life stage that is rapid.
• Young Geese of Konrad Lorenz, learn the
characteristics of him as parent.
• "critical period" of
about 36 hours shortly
after hatching is best
for imprinting of geese.
Conditioning
• Conditioning is a type of associative learning.
• Ivan Pavlov described the learning of
conditioned behavior as being formed by pairing
stimuli to condition an animal into giving a
certain response
• Food (Unconditioned.Stimulus) => Salivation (U.R.) Natural
response.
• Food (U.S.) + Bell (Neutral.S.) => Salivation (U.R.) After
repeating the pairing a few times.
• Bell (Conditioned.S.) => Salivation (C.R.) Learning occurs.
Dogs salivate without food.
Trial-error (operant conditioning)
• When first put into the maze, the mice took
a long time to escape. With experience,
ineffective responses occurred less
frequently and successful responses
occurred more frequently, enabling the
mice to escape in less time over
successive trials .
Habituation
• There is a progressive diminution
(reduction) of behavioral response with the
repetition of a stimulus . The learned
suppression of response is habituation .
• A short amount of time after dressing, the
stimulus the weight of clothes creates is
'ignored' by the nervous system and we
become unaware of it.
Biological clock
• Biological Clocks are physiological
systems that enable organisms to live in
harmony with the rhythms of nature, such
as the cycles of day and night and of the
seasons.
• Sleeping, winter sleep, migration are
regulated by biological clock.
Social Behavior
• Living in a social group can provide benefits.
Shielding against predators, cooperative
defenses.
• Social behavior results from the interactions
among two or more individuals.
• Cooperation, competition, predation, defense
are social behaviors.
• Social groups have hierarchies. In the hierarchy,
each individual knows his own responsibilities.
Societies
• The individuals of the same species
effectively interact with each other in the
societies. Bees, birds, wolves, human,
ants
• There is a division of labor.
Communication
• Individuals within the society communicate
with each other. This is unavoidable for
gathering, feeding, defense, reproduction.
• Sound, smell(pheremones), movement,
mimics are important communication
ways.
Communication styles
• Dogs- Urination
• Birds- singing patterns and songs
• Bees- The 'round dance' reveals a food
source not far away. The 'figure eight'
dance reveals a distant food source.
The 'round dance' reveals
a food source not far
away. The 'figure eight'
dance reveals a distant
food source.