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Latin I Review Sheet- Chapters 1-7 September 17, 2008 The test will cover chapters 1-7 of the Ecce Romani I textbook. The material covered will include the following items: Feminine & masculine nouns forms (subject and direct objects) Adjective / noun agreement Complementary infinitives Chapter 1-7 Vocabulary Noun Forms Nouns in Latin are divided into several groups called declensions. So far we have seen the first three declensions (there are five total). The first declension is mostly feminine, the second is mostly masculine, and the third has a mix of masculine and feminine nouns. Nominative Accusative First Declension Singular Plural -a -ae -am -as Second Declension Singular Plural -us / -r -i -um -os Third Declension Singular Plural n/a -es -em -es Nominative refers to the subject or subject compliments in the predicate. Accusative refers to the direct object. Because of the fact that noun endings show their function in the sentence, Latin word order is much more flexible than English word order: Marcus et Cornelia servos spectant. Nom. Nom. Acc. Villam purgant ancillae. Acc. Nom. = Marcus and Conelia watch the slaves. = The maids clean the countryhouse. Notice that the singular accusative (direct object) forms tend to end in ‘m’ (-am, -um, or -em), while plural accusative forms tend to end in ‘s’ (-as, -os, or -es). The singular nominative of the second declension can end in either –r (like “puer”) or –us (like “servus”). The singular nominative of the third declension has no set ending and varies from word to word. Adjectives Adjectives are words that modify nouns (or pronouns). The when an adjective correctly modifies its noun it is said to be in agreement. An adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in case (nominative or accusative), number (singular or plural), and gender (masculine or feminine). In the following sentences notice that the adjectives are bolded while the modified nouns are underlined: Cornelius multas epistulas scribit. Flavia est puella Romana. = Cornelius writes many letters. = Flavia is a Roman girl. Because adjectives must agree in case, number, and gender they will often have the same ending as the nouns that they modify. This is not always the case though. Look at the following example: Davus est vir Britannicus. = Davus is a British man. Even though the Latin words “vir” and “Britannicus” have different endings, both words are nominative, singular, and masculine. Thus they are still in agreement. Unlike English, adjectives in Latin usually follow the noun they modify (puer Romanus, puellae defessae, rivus frigidus, etc.) The exception is that adjectives that show size or amount usually precede the noun they modify (magna vox, multae epistulae, etc.) Infinitives You’ve seen that verbs with a singular subject end in –t and verbs with a plural subject or multiple singular subjects end in –nt: 3rd Person Singular -t Plural -nt One way to think about it is by considering that these endings “limit” or “confine” the possible meaning of the verb to one sort of subject (singular) or the other (plural). However, there is also another form of the verb that expresses the verb’s basic meaning without “limiting” it to a particular group, whether singular or plural. This “unlimited” form is called the infinitive (from the Latin word “infinitvus”, which means “unlimited” or “endless”). In English the infinitive is almost always preceded by the word “to”. Infinitives in Latin will end in –re with a vowel preceding (-are, -ere, -ere, or –ire). Look at the examples listed below: Errare humanum est Cornelia Romam redire non vult. = To err is human. = Cornelia does not want to return to Rome. Puellae in agris saepe ambulare amant. = The girls often like to walk in the fields. The infinitive is basically a verbal noun and it can be a subject (as in the first sentence above) or it can help complete the meaning of a verb (as in the second and third sentences above). When it helps to complete the meaning of a verb it is called the complementary infinitive. Articles Remember that Latin has no articles. Therefore in your translation you will often want to include words like “a”, “an”, or “the” wherever they will make your sentences sound better or aid in the meaning: puer = a boy, the boy, or boy vox = a voice, the voice, or voice Word Order Latin word order is far more flexible than English. In English, the word order largely determines the meaning of the sentence. But because Latin uses a large variety of case endings to show the function of a word, a more flexible word order is possible. However Latin does have a preferred word order. The subject usually comes first in the sentence and the verb usually comes at the end: Marcus in horto currit. = Marcus runs in the garden. If the verb is a linking verb, the verb will tend to come between its subject and whatever subject complement is in the redicate (called a predicate nominative): Cornelia est defessa. = Cornelia is tired. Adverbs tend to stick close to the verb, unless they show time in which case they appear at the beginning of the sentence. Davus in villa non dormit. Mox pueri advenit. = Davus is not sleeping in the countryhouse. = Soon the boys arrive. The direct object tends to follow the subject of the sentence and usually comes before any adverbs or infinitives: Ancilla villam purgare non vult. . = The maid doesn’t want to clean the countryhouse. The complementary infinitive tends to come before the main verb: Cornelius epistulam legere vult. = Cornelius wants to read the letter. Vocabulary Try not to confuse the following vocabulary items: et est = and = he/she is sub subito = under = suddenly vox vexat = voice = he/she annoys sed sedet = but = he/she sits currit curat = he/she runs = he/she cares for pater petit = father = he/she seeks ducit docet = he/she leads = he/she teaches amat ambulat = he/she likes = he/she walks tu tum dum == you [singular] = then = while semper saepe = always = often statim stat statua = immediately = he/she stands = statue ibi ubi = there = where/when eum eam eos = him/it = her/it = them