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• GLib
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GLib
GLib was released as a separate
library so other developers, those who
did not make use of the GUI-related
portions of GTK+, could make use of
the non-GUI portions of the library
without the overhead of depending on
the entire GUI library.
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GLib
Since GLib is a cross-platform library,
applications using it to interface with the
operating system are usually portable
across different operating systems without
major changes.
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GLib - Features
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GLib provides advanced data structures,
such as memory chunks, doubly and
singly linked lists, hash tables, dynamic
strings and string utilities, such as a lexical
scanner, string chunks (groups of strings),
dynamic arrays, balanced binary trees, Nary trees, quarks (a two-way association of
a string and a unique integer identifier),
keyed data lists, relations and tuples.
Caches provide memory management.
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GLib - Features
GLib implements functions that provide
threads, thread programming and related
facilities such as primitive variable access,
mutexes, asynchronous queues, secure
memory pools, message passing and
logging, hook functions (callback
registering) and timers. Also message
passing facilities such as byte order
conversion and I/O channels.
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GLib - Features
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Some other features
of GLib include:
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GLib - Similar projects
The Apache Portable Runtime and
Apple Core Foundation have a large
functional overlap with GLib, and
provide many similar OS-portable
threading, network and data structure
implementations in C.
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GLib - Similar projects
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For C++, the Boost (C++ libraries)
provide some functionality, such as
threading primitives, similar to what
GLib does for C.
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Embedded GLIBC
Embedded GLIBC (EGLIBC) is a
variant of the GNU C Library (glibc),
optimised for use in embedded
devices, while still attempting to
remain source- and binarycompatible with the standard glibc.
The authors claim that EGLIBC is not
intended to be a fork of glibc, but
rather a variant, accepting patches
that the core glibc developers may
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Embedded GLIBC
On 6 May 2009, it was announced that
Debian would move from the GNU C
Library to EGLIBC, citing problems with
the development process of glibc. Debian
and several of its derivatives now ship
EGLIBC instead of glibc. EGLIBC is free
software licensed under the GNU LGPL.
The EmbToolkit build system can provide
an EGLIBC toolchain for embedded Linux,
but is not part of the EGLIBC project.
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Glibc
The 'GNU C Library', commonly known as
'glibc', is the GNU Project's implementation of
the C standard library. Originally written by
the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the
GNU Operating System, the library's
development had been overseen by a
committee since 2001, with Ulrich Drepper as
the lead contributor and maintainer. In March
2012, the steering committee voted to
disband itself, in favor of a community-driven
development process, with Ryan Arnold,
Maxim Kuvyrkov, Joseph Myers, Carlos
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Glibc
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Released under the GNU Lesser General Public
License, glibc is free software.
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Glibc - History
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glibc was initially written mostly by
Roland McGrath, working for the Free
Software Foundation (FSF) in the
1980s.
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Glibc - History
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In February 1988, FSF described glibc as
having nearly completed the functionality
required by ANSI C. By 1992, it had the
ANSI C-1989 and POSIX.1-1990 functions
implemented and work was under way on
POSIX.2.
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Glibc - A temporary fork
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In the early 1990s, the developers of the
Linux kernel fork (software
development)|forked glibc. Their fork,
called Linux libc, was maintained
separately for years and released versions
2 through 5.
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Glibc - A temporary fork
When FSF released glibc 2.0 in January
1997, it had much more complete POSIX
standards compliance, better
internationalisation and multilingual function,
IPv6 capability, 64-bit data access, facilities
for multithreaded applications, future version
compatibility, and the code was more
portable. At this point, the Linux kernel
developers discontinued their fork and
returned to using FSF's glibc.
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Glibc - A temporary fork
The last used version of Linux libc
used the internal name (soname)
libc.so.5. Following on from this, glibc
2.x on Linux uses the soname libc.so.6
(DEC Alpha|Alpha and Itanium|IA64
architectures now use libc.so.6.1,
instead). The soname is often
abbreviated as libc6 (for example in
the package name in Debian)
following the normal conventions for
libraries.
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Glibc - A temporary fork
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According to Richard Stallman, the
changes that had been made in Linux
libc could not be merged back into
glibc because the authorship status of
that code was unclear and the GNU
project is quite strict about recording
copyright and authors.
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Glibc - Supported hardware and kernels
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Glibc is used in systems that run
many different kernel (computer
science)|kernels and different
Computer hardware|hardware
architectures
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Glibc - Functionality
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glibc provides the functionality required
by the Single UNIX Specification, POSIX
(1c, 1d, and 1j) and some of the
functionality required by International
Organization for Standardization|ISO
C11, International Organization for
Standardization|ISO C99, Berkeley Unix
(BSD) interfaces, the System V Interface
Definition (SVID) and the X/Open
Portability Guide (XPG), Issue 4.2, with
all extensions common to XSI (X/Open
System Interface) compliant systems
along with all X/Open UNIX extensions.
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Glibc - Functionality
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In addition, glibc also provides extensions
that have been deemed useful or
necessary while developing GNU.
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Glibc - Use in small devices
Alternative libcs are Bionic
(software)|Bionic (based mostly on BSD
libc|libc from BSD and used in Android
(Operating System)|Android), dietlibc,
uClibc, Newlib, Klibc, musl, and EGLIBC
(used in Debian, Ubuntu (Operating
System)|Ubuntu and Ark Linux).
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Embedded GLIBC
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'Embedded GLIBC' ('EGLIBC') is a variant
of the GNU C Library (glibc), optimised for
use in embedded devices, while still
attempting to remain source- and binarycompatible with the standard glibc. The
authors claim that EGLIBC is not intended
to be a Fork (software development)|fork
of glibc, but rather a variant, accepting
patches that the core glibc developers
may reject.[http://www.eglibc.org/faq
EGLIBC: FAQ]
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Embedded GLIBC
The EmbToolkit build system can
provide an EGLIBC toolchain for
embedded Linux, but is not part of the
EGLIBC project.
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GObject - Relation to GLib
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Though GObject has its own separate set of
documentation[https://developer.gnome.org/g
object/stable/ GObject Reference Manual]
and is usually compiled into its own shared
library file, the source code for GObject
resides in the GLib source tree and is
distributed along with GLib. For this reason,
GObject uses the GLib version numbers and
is typically packaged together with GLib (for
example, Debian puts GObject in its libglib2.0
package family).
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Glibenclamide
'Glibenclamide' (International
Nonproprietary Name|INN), also known
as 'glyburide' (United States Adopted
Name|USAN), is an antidiabetic drug in
a class of medications known as
sulfonylureas, closely related to sulfa
drugs. It was developed in 1966 in a
cooperative study between Boehringer
Mannheim (now part of Hoffmann–La
Roche|Roche) and Hoechst AG|Hoechst
(now part of Sanofi-Aventis).
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Glibenclamide
It is sold in doses of 1.25, 2.5, and
5mg, under the trade names Diabeta,
Glynase, and Micronase in the United
States and Daonil, Semi-Daonil, and
Euglucon in the United Kingdom, and
Delmide in India. It is also sold in
combination with metformin under
the trade names Glucovance,
Benimet, and Glibomet, as well as
Glucored and Glucored Forte (by Sun
Pharmaceutical) in Russia, Belarus
and other countries of the CIS.
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Glibenclamide - Mechanism of action
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After a cerebral ischemic insult, the
blood–brain barrier is broken and
glibenclamide can reach the central
nervous system. Glibenclamide has
been shown to bind more efficiently to
the ischemic hemisphere. Moreover,
under ischemic conditions SUR1, the
regulatory subunit of the KATP- and
the NCCa-ATP-channels, is expressed
in neurons, astrocytes,
oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells
and by reactive microglia.
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Glibenclamide - Side effects and contraindications
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Glibenclamide may be contraindicated in
those with G6PD deficiency, as it may
cause acute haemolysis.
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Glibenclamide - Side effects and contraindications
Recently published data suggest
glibenclamide is associated with
significantly higher annual mortality when
combined with metformin than other
insulin-secreting medications, after
correcting for other potentially confounding
patient characteristics. The safety of this
combination has been questioned.
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Glibenclamide - Side effects and contraindications
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Glibenclamide causes cholestasis
as the major side effect.
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Glibenclamide - Synthesis
The N-acetyl derivative of βphenethylamine is reacted with
chlorosulfonic acid to form the para
sulfonyl chloride derivative. This is then
subjected to ammonolysis, followed by
base-catalyzed removal of the acetamide.
This is then acylated with 2-methoxy-5chlorobenzoic acid chloride to give the
amide intermediate. This is then reacted
with cyclohexyl isocyanate to yield the
sulfonylurea glibenclamide.
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Glibenclamide - Analogs
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Additional glibenclamide structural analogs
have been prepared by Ahmadi et al.
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Glibenclamide - Research
Glibenclamide improves outcome in
animal stroke models by preventing brain
swelling and enhancing neuroprotection.
A retrospective study showed, in type 2
diabetic patients already taking glyburide,
NIH stroke scale scores on were improved
on discharge compared to diabetic
patients not taking glyburide.
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Event loop - GLib event loop
While GLib has built-in support for file
descriptor and child termination events, it
is possible to add an event source for any
event that can be handled in a preparecheck-dispatch
model.[http://developer.gnome.org/glib/2.3
0/glib-The-Main-EventLoop.html#mainloop-states]
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Event loop - GLib event loop
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Application libraries that are built on
the GLib event loop include
GStreamer and the asynchronous I/O
methods of GnomeVFS, but GTK+
remains the most visible client
library. Events from the windowing
system (in X Window System|X, read
off the X Unix domain socket|socket)
are translated by GDK into GTK+
events and emitted as GLib signals on
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