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The respiratory system When we eat we do not speak Metabolism Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή) is the set of lifesustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. Metabolism It allows organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells. Catabolism = The breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration. It releases energy. Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: 1.catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and 2.anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy. Anabolism = The building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. It consumes energy. Respiration (gas exchange) The movement of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. RESPIRATION 1. It runs during day as well as night. 2. Oxygen is used. 3. Carbon dioxide is released. 4. Food is burnt to obtain energy. 5. It is catabolic. Catabolism (from Greek κάτω, and βάλλειν,) is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units. Catabolism breaks down large molecules (such as polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins) into smaller units (such as monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids, respectively). O2 CO2 The respiratory system (gas exchange) Respiration is not breathing. Breathing is the process that moves air in and out of the lungs (ως πράξη)=αναπνοή, ανάσα. e.g. The patient's breathing is very faint. Breaths /breθs/ = inhalation-exhalation cycles. Respiration is defined as the movement of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. Respiratory system = the anatomical system of an organism used for respiration. The key organs in the Respiratory system are the lungs; They • absorb oxygen (O2) from the air and • release carbon dioxide (CO2). The respiratory system: General overview 1. Inspiration: Inhaled air high in oxygen (O2) and low in carbon dioxide (CO2) travels through the respiratory tract (σωλήνα) deep into the terminal portions of the lungs. 2. Oxygen diffuse (διαχέεται) through the alveoli (κυψελίδες) of the lung into the blood. 3. Oxygenated blood is carried to the heart and via the systemic circulatory system to all parts of the body. 4. Oxygen moves from the blood to the cells, and carbon dioxide and other wastes go from cells to blood. 5. Deoxygenated venous blood carrying its load of wastes is forced back to the lungs where CO2 is exhaled during Expiration. The respiratory system: organs The respiratory system consists of • the airways, • the lungs, • and the respiratory muscles. Upper tract: Nose/ Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Lower tract Trachea Lungs Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Diaphragm The respiratory system: organs υμένας στο θώρακα που περιβάλλει τους πνεύμονες The respiratory system: organs The Nose/ Nasal cavity The Pharynx: part of the throat. It is found immediately posterior (πίσω μέρος) the mouth and nasal cavity. In humans the pharynx is part of the digestive system and also of the respiratory system. It is also important in vocalization (εκφορά λόγου). Ρινικά οστά πτερύγιο της μύτης ρουθούνι The respiratory system: organs The Larynx (voice box): It connects the pharynx to the trachea (wind pipe). It is a junction between the throat and the wind pipe (trachea). It helps direct air to the lungs and food to the esophagus The trachea (windpipe),is a tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs. Vocal cords When we eat we do not speak • The epiglottis is a flap (πτερύγιο) that is made of elastic cartilage1 tissue covered with a mucous2 membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. There are taste buds on the epiglottis. • During breathing, it lies completely within the larynx. • During swallowing, the epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position. In this manner it prevents food from going into the trachea and instead directs it to the esophagus, which is at the back, to protect the respiratory system. 1. Cartilage= χόνδρος 2. Mucous= βλεννώδης Adam’s apple Epiglottis • The laryngeal prominence [εξόγκωμα, προεξοχή, (ιατρική) έπαρμα], commonly referred to as Adam's apple, a feature of the human neck, is the lump or protrusion (γρόμπος, σβώλος, εξόγκωμα) that is formed by the angle (γωνία) of the thyroid cartilage (θυροειδής χόνδρος) surrounding the larynx. Pharynx Larynx Thyroid cartilage Vocal cords Trachea Esophagus Thyroid gland Sternum The respiratory system: organs-lungs The respiratory system: organs – Bronchus/Bronchi • Bronchi (bronchial tubes) trachea • The trachea will divide into the left and right principle bronchi at the carina. • The principle (stem) bronchi • will divide into secondary (or lobar/λοβού bronchi) then Secondary/lobar bronchi Principle bronchi • subdivide further into tertiary bronchi (or segmental/κομμάτι bronchi). Secondary/ lobar bronchi carina Main→ Secondary →Tertiary The smallest bronchi are called bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs (alveoliκυψελίδες). They allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and bloodstream. Tertiary/ segmental bronchi Alveoli The respiratory system: organs – Alveoli • The smallest bronchi are called bronchioles. • At the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs (alveoli-κυψελίδες). They allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and bloodstream. The respiratory system Diaphragm • Diaphragm (Greek: διάφραγμα "partition") • is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity. • The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity containing the heart and lungs, from the abdominal cavity and performs an important function in respiration: as the diaphragm contracts (συσπάται), the volume (όγκος) of the thoracic cavity increases and air is drawn into the lungs. Βιβλιογραφία • https://en.wikipedia.org • http://www.wordreference.com • http://kidshealth.org • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZotShHbzrw, Mr. Ford's Class, The organs that make up the Upper Respiratory Tract. Part of Anatomy and Physiology lecture series. • http://mrfordsclass.net • http://www.mayoclinic.org, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. • http://www.phed.auth.gr/etefaa, Δρ. Χρήστος Ριγανάς, ΤΕΦΑΑ, Αριστοτέλειο Παν. Θεσσαλονίκης • Mariana Ruiz Villarreal, Hamburg, Germany • https://zoomapps.wordpress.com/2015/06/22/respiratory-system-parts-and-functions • http://teachers.concordiashanghai.org/lisahawkins/files/2013 • http://www.digestionresource.com/the-digestive-system/