Download The respiratory system

The respiratory system
When we eat we do not speak
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή) is the set of lifesustaining chemical transformations within the cells of
living organisms.
Metabolism
It allows organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain
their structures, and respond to their environments.
The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical
reactions that occur in living organisms, including
digestion and the transport of substances into and
between different cells.
Catabolism =
The breaking down of
organic matter by way of
cellular respiration.
It releases energy.
Metabolism is usually divided into two categories:
1.catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by
way of cellular respiration, and
2.anabolism, the building up of components of cells such
as proteins and nucleic acids.
Usually, breaking down releases energy and
building up consumes energy.
Anabolism =
The building up of
components of cells such as
proteins and nucleic acids.
It consumes energy.
Respiration (gas exchange)
The movement of oxygen from the outside air to the
cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide
in the opposite direction.
RESPIRATION
1. It runs during day as well as night.
2. Oxygen is used.
3. Carbon dioxide is released.
4. Food is burnt to obtain energy.
5. It is catabolic.
Catabolism (from Greek κάτω, and βάλλειν,) is the set
of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules
into smaller units.
Catabolism breaks down large molecules (such as
polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins) into
smaller units (such as monosaccharides, fatty acids,
nucleotides, and amino acids, respectively).
O2
CO2
The respiratory system (gas exchange)
Respiration is not breathing.
Breathing is the process that moves air in and out of
the lungs (ως πράξη)=αναπνοή, ανάσα. e.g. The
patient's breathing is very faint.
Breaths /breθs/ = inhalation-exhalation cycles.
Respiration is defined as the movement of oxygen
from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the
transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
Respiratory system = the anatomical system of an
organism used for respiration.
The key organs in the Respiratory system are the lungs;
They
• absorb oxygen (O2) from the air and
• release carbon dioxide (CO2).
The respiratory system: General overview
1. Inspiration: Inhaled air high in oxygen (O2) and low
in carbon dioxide (CO2) travels through the
respiratory tract (σωλήνα) deep into the terminal
portions of the lungs.
2. Oxygen diffuse (διαχέεται) through the alveoli
(κυψελίδες) of the lung into the blood.
3. Oxygenated blood is carried to the heart and via
the systemic circulatory system to all parts of the
body.
4. Oxygen moves from the blood to the cells, and
carbon dioxide and other wastes go from cells to
blood.
5. Deoxygenated venous blood carrying its load of
wastes is forced back to the lungs where CO2 is
exhaled during Expiration.
The respiratory system: organs
The respiratory system consists of
• the airways,
• the lungs,
• and the respiratory muscles.
Upper tract:
Nose/ Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Lower tract
Trachea
Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm
The respiratory system: organs
υμένας στο
θώρακα που
περιβάλλει
τους
πνεύμονες
The respiratory system: organs
The Nose/ Nasal cavity
The Pharynx: part of the throat. It is found
immediately posterior (πίσω μέρος) the mouth
and nasal cavity.
In humans the pharynx is part of the digestive
system and also of the respiratory system. It is
also important in vocalization (εκφορά λόγου).
Ρινικά οστά
πτερύγιο της μύτης
ρουθούνι
The respiratory system: organs
The Larynx (voice box): It connects the pharynx to
the trachea (wind pipe).
It is a junction between the throat and the wind
pipe (trachea).
It helps direct air to the lungs and food to the
esophagus
The trachea (windpipe),is a tube that connects the
pharynx and larynx to the lungs.
Vocal cords
When we eat we do not speak
• The epiglottis is a flap (πτερύγιο) that is made of
elastic cartilage1 tissue covered with a mucous2
membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx.
There are taste buds on the epiglottis.
• During breathing, it lies completely within the
larynx.
• During swallowing, the epiglottis folds down to a
more horizontal position. In this manner it
prevents food from going into the trachea and
instead directs it to the esophagus, which is at the
back, to protect the respiratory system.
1. Cartilage= χόνδρος
2. Mucous= βλεννώδης
Adam’s apple
Epiglottis
• The laryngeal prominence [εξόγκωμα, προεξοχή,
(ιατρική) έπαρμα], commonly referred to as
Adam's apple, a feature of the human neck, is the
lump or protrusion (γρόμπος, σβώλος, εξόγκωμα)
that is formed by the angle (γωνία) of the thyroid
cartilage (θυροειδής χόνδρος) surrounding the
larynx.
Pharynx
Larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Vocal cords
Trachea
Esophagus
Thyroid gland
Sternum
The respiratory system: organs-lungs
The respiratory system: organs – Bronchus/Bronchi
• Bronchi (bronchial tubes)
trachea
• The trachea will divide into the left and right
principle bronchi at the carina.
• The principle (stem) bronchi
• will divide into secondary (or lobar/λοβού bronchi)
then
Secondary/lobar bronchi
Principle bronchi
• subdivide further into tertiary bronchi (or
segmental/κομμάτι bronchi).
Secondary/
lobar bronchi
carina
Main→ Secondary →Tertiary
The smallest bronchi are called bronchioles.
At the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs (alveoliκυψελίδες). They allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move
between the lungs and bloodstream.
Tertiary/ segmental bronchi
Alveoli
The respiratory system: organs – Alveoli
• The smallest bronchi are called bronchioles.
• At the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs
(alveoli-κυψελίδες). They allow oxygen and carbon
dioxide to move between the lungs and
bloodstream.
The respiratory system
Diaphragm
• Diaphragm (Greek: διάφραγμα "partition")
• is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle that extends
across the bottom of the thoracic cavity.
• The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity
containing the heart and lungs, from the
abdominal cavity and performs an important
function in respiration: as the diaphragm
contracts (συσπάται), the volume (όγκος) of the
thoracic cavity increases and air is drawn into the
lungs.
Βιβλιογραφία
• https://en.wikipedia.org
• http://www.wordreference.com
• http://kidshealth.org
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZotShHbzrw, Mr. Ford's Class, The organs that make up the Upper
Respiratory Tract. Part of Anatomy and Physiology lecture series.
• http://mrfordsclass.net
• http://www.mayoclinic.org, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.
• http://www.phed.auth.gr/etefaa, Δρ. Χρήστος Ριγανάς, ΤΕΦΑΑ, Αριστοτέλειο Παν. Θεσσαλονίκης
• Mariana Ruiz Villarreal, Hamburg, Germany
• https://zoomapps.wordpress.com/2015/06/22/respiratory-system-parts-and-functions
• http://teachers.concordiashanghai.org/lisahawkins/files/2013
• http://www.digestionresource.com/the-digestive-system/