Download Waves (My own topic)

Group Teaching Notes
Waves (My own topic)
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Ocean waves can travel quickly or slowly
2 main parts
Crest= highest point of a wave
Trough= lowest point of a wave
Wave length= distance between two adjacent wave crests or wave trough
Wave height= vertical distance between the crest and trough of a wave
Form as wind blows across the water’s surface and transfers energy to the water
Wave energy decreases as the water depth increases
Wave period= time between the passages of two wave crests (or troughs) at a fixed point
Wavelength (m)/wave period (s)= wave speed (m/s)
Increase in wave period, decrease in wave speed; decrease in wave period, increase in wave
speed
Also caused by underwater earthquakes and landslides, impact by cosmic bodies
Deep-water waves= waves that move in water deeper than one-half their wavelength
Shallow-water waves= waves that reaches water shallower than one-half their wavelength;
begin to interact with ocean floor
Breaker zone= area where waves first begin to tumble downward or break
Surf= area between the breaker zone and shore
Undertow= a subsurface current that is near shore and that pulls object out to sea
Longshore current= a water current that travels near and parallel to the shoreline (carry and
spread trash, other types of ocean pollution)
White caps= the bubbles in the crest of a breaking wave (break in the open ocean)
Swells= one of a group of long ocean waves that have steadily travelled a great distance
from their point of generation (longer wavelength than ice caps) (roll gently)
Tsunami= a giant ocean wave that forms after a volcanic eruption, submarine earthquake, or
landslide
Storm surge= a local rise in sea level near the shore that is caused by strong winds from a
storm, such as those from a hurricane
Cindy, Pie, Jojo, Natnisha
My students were a little bit confused with my teachings since I may have spoken too fast but they
got the basic idea.
Current
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Weather, Earth’s rotation, position of the continents
Ocean current= a movement of ocean water that follows a regular pattern
Surface current= a horizontal movement of ocean water that is caused by wind that occurs
at or near the ocean’s surface
3 factors= global winds, Coriolis effect, continental deflections
Merchant ships use these currents to travel more quickly back and forth across the oceans
Coriolis effect= the apparent curving of the path of a moving object from an otherwise
straight path due to the Earth’s rotation
Surface currents meet continents, the currents deflect, or change directions
Affect Temperature of the water in which they form
Warm water currents= equator; cold-water currents= near poles
All the oceans are connected and both warm-water and cold-water currents travel from one
ocean to another
Deep currents form in parts of the ocean where water density increases
Density= the amount of matter in a given space, or volume
Density of ocean water is affected by temperature and salinity- a measure of the amount of
dissolved salts or solids in a liquid
Both decreasing the temperature of ocean water and increasing the water’s salinity increase
the water’s density
Decreasing temperature= cold air chills the water molecules, molecules to slow down and
move closer together, denser, sinks, deep current
Increasing Salinity through freezing= ocean water freezes, ice will float, less dense, dissolved
solid enter the liquid water below ice, increased salinity, water’s density increases
Increasing salinity through evaporation= evaporation of surface water, warm climates,
denser, sink to the ocean, deep currents
Teacher: Anshuman
The teacher was much better than before and I understood him much better. He was more
prepared for this lesson.
Tides
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Caused by sun and moon
Phases of the moon, relationship to the tides; 2,000 years by Greek explorer named
Phytheas; 1687 Sir Isaac Newton’s theories, principle of gravitation
Tide= the periodic rise and fall of the water level in the oceans and other large bodies of
water
How often tides occur and the difference in tidal levels depend on the position of the moon
as it revolves around the Earth
Moon’s pull is strongest, part of the Earth directly facing the moon
Bulges are called high tide
There is also low tides
Rotation of the Earth and the moon’s revolution around the Earth determine when tides
occur
Tidal range is the difference in levels of ocean water at high tide and low tide
Spring tide is a tide of increased range that occurs two times a month, at the new and full
moons
Occurs when sun, earth, and moon are aligned; moon is between the sun and Earth; moon
and the sun are on opposite sides of the Earth
Neap Tides is a tide minimum range that occurs during the first and third quarters of the
moon
Sun, Earth, and moon from a 90 degree angle
Tidal bore is a body of water that rushes up through a narrow bay, estuary, or river channel
during the rise of high tide and causes a very sudden tidal rise
Teacher: Natnisha
My teacher taught everything really well and I understood the material perfectly.
Atmosphere
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A mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or moon
Small particles such as dust, volcanic ash, sea salt, dirt, and smoke are also found
Water (liquid water= water droplets) (solid water= snow and ice crystals); water vapour
Nitrogen (78%)= when dead plants and dead animals break down and when volcanoes erupt
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Oxygen (21%) is made by phytoplankton and plants
Remaining 1% is made up of argon, carbon dioxide, water vapour, and other gases
gravity
air pressure is the measure of the force within which air molecules push on a surface
altitude (distance from sea level) increases, air pressure decreases
air temperature changes as altitude increases
temperature differences result mainly from the way solar energy is absorbed as it moves
through the atmosphere
4 layers of the atmosphere
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sphere means ball, each layer hollow ball
troposphere= tropo means turning or change so it is the layer where gases turn and mix,
densest atmospheric layer, 90% of atmosphere’s total mass, carbon dioxide, water vapour,
clouds, air pollution, weather, and life-forms (the lowest layer of the atmosphere, in which
temperate decreases at a constant rate as altitude increases)
Stratosphere= strato means layered so gases are layered and do not mix very much, ozone
layers protects life on Earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet raditiaion (the layer of the
atmosphere that is above the tropshere and in which temperature increases as altitude
increases)
Mesosphere= meso means middle so it is the middle layer, coldest layer (the layer of the
atmosphere between the stratosphere and the thermosphere and in which temperature
decreases as altitude increases)
Thermosphere= thermo means heat so it is the layer where temperature are highest, atoms
of nitrogen and oxygen absorb high-energy solar radiation and release thermal energy,
which causes temperatures in the thermosphere to be 1,000 degrees celcius or higher;
temperature is the measure of the average energy of particles in motion; heat is the
transfer of thermal energy between objects of different temperature (the uppermost layer
of the atmosphere, in which temperature increases as altitude increases)
Upper mesosphere and the lower thermosphere, nitrogen and oxygen atoms absorb harmful
solar energy; electrically charged particles are ions= ionosphere; polar regions these ions
radiate energy as shimmering lights call auroras, reflects AM radio waves, travel around the
world by reflecting off the ionosphere; radio signals bounce off the ionosphere and are sent
back on Earth
Teacher: Anshuman
He was a good teacher and I understood things pretty well.
Atmospheric heating
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Sun
Earth receives energy from the sun by radiation
25% is scattered and reflected by clouds and air
20% is absorbed by ozone, clouds, atmospheric gases
50% is absorbed by Earth’s surface
5% is reflected by Earth’s surface
Radiation is the transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves
Thermal condition is the transfer is energy as heat through a material
Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by the circulation of movement of liquid or gas
near the earth’s surface, air is heated by thermal conduction
convection currents are created as warm air rises and cool air sinks
greenhouse effect is the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs
when water vapour, carbon dioxide, and other gases absorb and reradiate thermal energy
energy is converted into thermal energy that warms the planet
called this because gases function like the glass walls and roof of a greenhouse, which allow
solar energy to enter but prevent thermal energy from escaping
earth to remain liveable, the amount of energy received from the sun and the amount of
energy returned to space must be approximately equal
the balance between incoming energy and outgoing energy is known as radiation balance
global warming is a gradual increase in average global temperature
cause is the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
greenhouse gases are gases that absorb thermal energy in the atmosphere
causes= burning of fossil fuels, deforestation= carbon dioxide
global climate patters could be disrupted
plants, animals, adapt specific climate= affected
Teacher: Jojo
She was really good and I understood the material perfectly. If I had just a bit more information, it
would have helped me a teeny bit more.