Download Genetic Engineering Notes

Genetic Engineering Notes
Name _______________________________________________
Genetic Engineering
 Biotechnology refers to technology used to _________DNA.
 The procedures are often referred to_______ __ _____________.
 ________ is the genetic material of all living organisms.
 All organisms use the _________ genetic code.
 _____________ ________________: organisms that contain functional
recombinant DNA
 Recombinant DNA refers to the _____________ from the two different
sources.
Process
 Cut
 Cleave
 Splice
1. Isolate the foreign DNA fragment to be inserted
• DNA is cut into small pieces using restriction enzymes.
• Restriction enzymes were discovered in ______________.
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Bacteria use them as a defense mechanism to cut up the DNA of viruses
or other bacteria
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Hundreds of different _________________ have been isolated
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Each restriction enzyme or RE cuts DNA at a specific_______ _________.
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For example, EcoRI always cuts DNA at GAATTC as indicated below
 The sequence GAATTC appear three time in the below strand of
DNA, so it is cut into four pieces.
 Fragments of DNA that has been cut with restriction enzymes have
unpaired nucleotides at the ends called________ _________. Sticky ends
have complimentary bases, so they _____________ _______________.
2. Joining of DNA with a vehicle (vector) to transport it
• _____________________: carries foreign DNA into host cell; can be
mechanical or biological
• ________________ _____________: pipette or gene gun
• Biological vector: plasmid or ______________
• Plasmids & viruses are the most commonly used vectors
• A plasmid is small ring of DNA in a bacteria.
• A vector must be capable of self-replicating inside a cell.
3. Transfer of DNA into a suitable host. When the host reproduces, it will
reproduce the desired protein or enzyme.
What we can do with genes?
 Gene therapy
Replacing a defective gene with the normal gene
Gene splicing
 Rejoining cut fragments of DNA
Gene cloning
 Creating genetically IDENTICAL copies
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Applications of Genetic Engineering
Agriculture
• Strawberry plants resistant to frost
• Round up ready ______________
• Bovine growth hormone – increase milk production in cow by 10%
• Goats - produce milk containing high levels of a human protein that
dissolves blood clots
• B.T. cotton – BT bacteria make a toxin against insects – _________ ______
• Glowing tobacco plant
Industry
• Degrade oil in oil spills
• Bacteria extract minerals from ores
Medicine
• Human Growth hormone
• Interferon – treat cancer
• Human insulin
• Phenylalanine (PKU)
• Used to map the human genome
• Recombinant DNA techniques are used in DNA fingerprinting
• Gene therapy can be used to help cure a genetic disease by replacing the
defective one.
Safety and Ethical Issues
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__________ ___________________may be accidentally produced
Organisms that are intended to be released in the environment may be
engineered with genes that will eventually kill them.
There is _______ __________________on the use of genetic screening
and information produced by screening
The technology is increasing the ability to diagnose genetic diseases
pre-natally, adding new complexity to the abortion controversy.
Ethical questions have been raised over whether we should modify the
_______________________ _____ _____________________.
Genetic screening and gene therapy are __________ and may be
unavailable to the poor.
___________ _____________could be created using biotechnology.