Download the structure of the human body

THE STRUCTURE OF THE
HUMAN BODY
Outcomes: By the end of this session
the student will be able to:

Define the words anatomy and
physiology

Explain the organisation of the body

List the body systems
Pages 90 – 95 & 124 - 126
Anatomy is the study of the structure of
living things.
Physiology is the study of the function of
living things
THE ORGANISATION OF
THE BODY.
At the simplest level, the body is
comprised of atoms.
↓
 Atoms combine to form molecules.
↓
 Molecules combine to form cells.
↓
 Cells combine to form tissues.

Tissues combine to form organs.
↓
 Organs combine to form organ system or
body systems.
↓
 Organ systems combine to form the
human body.

(Herlihy et al. 2000)
The Cell
The basic unit of body structure is the
cell.

All cells need food, water, and oxygen to
live and function.

As cells use or metabolise food and
oxygen they give off carbon dioxide and
other wastes.
CELL COMPOSITION

The cell membrane, which is the outer
covering.

The nucleus which is the control centre.

Cytoplasm which surrounds the nucleus.

Protoplasm refers to all structures,
substances and water within the cell.

Chromosomes are threadlike structures
within the nucleus.
(Sorption, 1997)
Tissues
Groups of cells form tissues. The
structure of tissues reflects their function
Types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Function
Example
Protection
Skin
Support
Bones
Movement
Skeletal
Communication Brain
Organs
Groups of tissues form organs. Each
organ has a specific function.
Organ
Heart
Stomach
Brain
Uterus
Function
Circulation
Digestion
Communication/coordination
Reproduction
Organisation of the body:
Definitions:
body system:
- groups of organs that perform a complex
body function e.g. Cardiovascular system
organ:
- different tissues arranged to perform a
specific function e.g. kidney
System
Skeletal
Muscular
Together
Functions
Supports and
protects the body
Gives movement
to the body
Organs
Bones, joints
Muscles,
tendons,
ligaments
The above 2
systems are known
as the muscularskeletal system
16
Gastrointestinal
System
(digestive)
Takes in and
absorbs
nutrients and
eliminates
waste
Mouth, teeth,
tongue, esophagus,
stomach,
duodenum, small
intestine,
ascending,
transverse and
descending colon,
rectum, anus,
salivary glands,
gallbladder, liver,
pancreas.
Nervous
System
Controls
activities of the
body
Brain, spinal cord,
nerves
17
Urinary
System
Removes wastes Kidney, ureters,
from the blood, bladder, urethra
produces and
eliminates urine
Reproductive
System
To reproduce,
allows a new
human being to
be born, for
sexual
fulfillment and
expression of
sexuality
Male – testes,
scrotum, penis,
prostate gland,
vas deferens
Female –
ovaries, uterus,
fallopian tubes,
vagina, breasts
18
Respiratory
System
Gives the body
air to supply
oxygen to the
cells via the
blood and
eliminates
carbon dioxide
Nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea,
bronchi, alveoli,
lungs
Circulatory
System
(including
lymphatic)
Carries food,
oxygen, and
water to the
body cells and
removes waste
Heart, blood,
arteries, veins,
capillaries, spleen,
lymph nodes, lymph
vessels
19
Endocrine
System
Secretes
hormones
directly into the
blood to
regulate body
function
Lymphatic
System/
Immunity
Picks up fluid
leaked from
blood vessels
and returns it to
the blood,
disposes of
debris in the ly
Thyroid,
parathyroid
glands, pineal
gland, adrenal
glands, testes,
ovaries, thymus,
pancreas,
pituitary
20
Integumentary
System (Skin)
Provides first
line of defence
against
infection,
maintains body
temperature,
and gets rid of
waste
Skin, hair,
nails, sweat
and sebaceous
glands
21
ANATOMICAL POSITION
22

Medial plane
a vertical plane which divides the body into right and
left halves
23
DIRECTIONAL TERMS

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
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







anterior – front
posterior - back
distal – furthest from the midline
proximal – closest to the centre of a system
inferior - below
superior - above
lateral - side
medial – centre or middle
peripheral – pertaining to the outside (on the edge)
central – pertaining to the centre
superficial – pertaining to the surface
deep – inside the body
24
Body cavities





cranial cavity (brain)
spinal cavity (spinal cord)
thoracic cavity (heart, lungs, large blood vessels)
abdominal cavity (stomach, most of the
intestines, kidneys, liver, gall bladder, pancreas,
spleen
pelvic cavity (urinary bladder, rectum, internal
reproductive organs)
25
Cranial cavity
Thoracic
cavity
Dorsal
Cavity
5
Pericardial cavity
Spinal cavity
Ventral
cavity
Abdomal cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
26
Abdominopelvic Quadrants and
Regions
1.Epigastric
2. Right
hypochondriac
7. Left hypochondriac
3. Umbilical
8. Left lumbar
4. Right lumbar
5. Hypogastric
9. Left iliac
6. Right Iliac
27
QUADRANTS