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Biology II HP Chapter 1 EXAM Outline
50 Questions
I. Introduction (basic functions of all living things)
A. Responsiveness
B. Growth
C. Reproduction
D. Movement
E. Metabolism
II. The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology(the study of internal & external structures, the study of functions)
A. Microscopic Anatomy
1. Cytology-the study of cells & cell structures
2. Histology-the study of tissues, groups of cells with functional roles
B. Gross Anatomy
1. Surface Anatomy-general & superficial markings
2. Regional Anatomy-superficial & internal features in a specific area of the body
3. Systemic Anatomy-structure of major organ systems
C. Physiology
1. Cell Physiology-study of the living cell
2. Special Physiology-specific organs
3. System Physiology-all aspects of the function of specific organ systems
4. Pathological Physiology-studies the effects of diseases on an organ or organ system
III. Levels of Organization
A. Chemical or Molecular Level (atom/smallest level)
B. Cellular Level (cell = individual living enity)
C. Tissue Level (group of cells)
D. Organ Level (group of tissues)
E. Organ System Level (group of organs) ex heart & blood vessels,
F. Organism Level (Living organism)
IV. An Introduction to 11 Organ Systems
(know function and major organs)
A. Integumentary-protection from the environment, infection, hormone production, thermoregulation
B. Skeletal-ligaments, support and protection
C. Muscular-locomotion and heat production
D. Nervous-electric signals to help regulate the body, response to stimuli
E. Endocrine –Ex; thyroid gland, pituitary gland-directs long term changes
F. Cardiovascular/circulatory-contains arteries, internal transport of materials
G. Lymphoid-defense against infection
H. Respiratory – trachea, lungs: delivery of air for gas exchange
I. Digestive-processes food
J. Urinary-urethra, elimination of excess water
K. Reproductive-both male & female work together production of sex cells to produce a human organism
V. Homeostasis and System Integration
A. Homeostatic Regulation
1. Receptor-receives the stimulus
2. Integration Center (control center) receives and processes the stimulus
3. Effector-either opposes or enhances the stimulus
B. Negative Feedback-corrective mechanism, opposes a variation of normal limits EX;
C. Positive Feedback-reinforces the stimulus EX:
D. Homeostasis and Disease- disease appears when failure of homeostatic regulation fails to occur
VI. The Language of Anatomy (anatomical position)
A. Surface Anatomy
1. Anatomical Landmarks
Prone-face down
Supine-face up
2. Anatomical Regions
Abdominopelvic quadrant
RUQ,LUQ
RLQ,LLQ
Abdominopelvic regions
Cephalic-head
Cervical-neck
Thoracic-chest
Abdominal-abdomen
Pelvic-pelvis
Lumbar-loin/lower back
Gluteal-buttock
Pubic-pubis
Inguinal-groin
Axillary-armpit
Brachial-arm
Manual-hand
Femoral-thigh
Cural-leg
Sural-calf
Pedal-foot
Plantar-sole
3. Anatomical Directions
“the wrist is DISTAL to the elbow”
Anterior-front
Ventral-belly side, front
Posterior-back
Dorsal-back
Cranial-head
Superior-above, higher level
Caudial-tail
Inferior-below, lower level
Medial-toward longitudinal axis
Lateral-away from the longitudinal axis
Proximal-toward
Distal-away
Superficial-at, near, close to body surface
Deep-farther from body surface
B. Sectional Anatomy
1. Planes and Sections
a. Transverse plane-right angle to long axis (superior & inferior)
b. Frontal-along the long axis (anterior & posterior)
c. Sagittal-runs along the long axis (mid & parasagittal) (right & left)
2. Body Cavities-protect internal organs and allow them to change shape.
a. Dorsal Body Cavities-refers to the back
1. Cranial Cavity
2. Spinal Cavity
b. Ventral Body Cavities
1. Thoracic Cavity
Pericardial cavity
2. Abdominopelvic cavity-----separated by the diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
4. Mediastinum (not a cavity, but a space)
5. Pleural Cavities-surrounds the lungs
***Know:
The main function of the serous membrane
Ventral Body Cavity=contains heart lungs and small intestine
Histophysiology-studies function at the tissue level
Visceral pleura-membrane covering the surface of the lung
Appendicular –portion of the body that contains the upper and lower limbs