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Poem Type Structure And Form Sounds Like Literary Devices Word Play $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 2 This type of poem has fourteen lines, a strict rhyme scheme, and a specific structure 3 Sonnet Italian Sonnet (Petrarchan) English Sonnet (Shakespearian) OCTAVE (ABBA ABBA) VOLTA SESTET (CDE CDE) QUATRAIN (ABAB) QUATRAIN (CDCD) QUATRAIN (EFEF) COUPLET (GG) On His Blindness – John Milton When I consider how my light is spent Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, And that one talent which is death to hide, Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent To serve therewith my Maker, and present My true account, lest he returning chide; "Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?" I fondly ask; but Patience to prevent That murmur, soon replies, "God doth not need Either man's work or his own gifts; who best Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed And post o'er land and ocean without rest; They also serve who only stand and wait." Sonnet 130 – William Shakespeare My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips’ red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. I have seen roses damasked, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks; And in some perfumes is there more delight Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. I love to hear her speak, yet well I know That music hath a far more pleasing sound; I grant I never saw a goddess go; My mistress when she walks treads on the ground. And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare 4 As any she belied with false compare. A narrative poem with a self-contained story that relies heavily on imagery and repetition 5 Ballad Rime of the Ancient Mariner – Samuel Taylor Coleridge It is an ancient Mariner, And he stoppeth one of three. `By thy long grey beard and glittering eye, Now wherefore stopp'st thou me? The bridegroom's doors are opened wide, And I am next of kin; The guests are met, the feast is set: Mayst hear the merry din.' Ballad Stanza ABCB TETRAMETER TRIMETER TETRAMETER TRIMETER He holds him with his skinny hand, "There was a ship," quoth he. `Hold off! unhand me, grey-beard loon!' Eftsoons his hand dropped he. He holds him with his glittering eye The Wedding-Guest stood still, And listens like a three years' child: The Mariner hath his will… Water, water, every where, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, every where, Nor any drop to drink. 6 A type of poem that describes an idealistic life in the country, particularly that of a shepherd 7 Pastoral The Passionate Shepherd to His Love – Christopher Marlowe Come live with me and be my love, And we will all the pleasures prove That valleys, groves, hills, and fields, Woods, or steepy mountain yields. And we will sit upon rocks, Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks, By shallow rivers to whose falls Melodious birds sing madrigals. And I will make thee beds of roses And a thousand fragrant poises, A cap of flowers, and a kirtle Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle; A gown made of the finest wool Which from our pretty lambs we pull; Fair lined slippers for the cold, With buckles of the purest gold; A belt of straw and ivy buds, With coral clasps and amber studs; And if these pleasures may thee move, Come live with me, and be my love. The shepherds's swains shall dance and sing For thy delight each May morning: If these delights thy mind may move, 8 Then live with me and be my love. A mournful or melancholic lament, often for the dead 9 Elegy Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard – Thomaas Gray The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea, The ploughman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me. Lyric Poetry SUBJECTIVE REFLECTIVE PERSONAL THOUGHT USUALLY SHORT POETRY OF EMOTION Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, And all the air a solemn stillness holds, Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight, And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds: Save that from yonder ivy-mantled tower The moping owl does to the moon complain Of such as, wandering near her secret bower, Molest her ancient solitary reign. Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree's shade, Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap, Each in his narrow cell for ever laid, The rude Forefathers of the hamlet sleep. The breezy call of incense-breathing morn, The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed, The cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn, No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed… 10 A poem of a serious or meditative nature, often glorifying a subject, using intellectual and emotional descriptions 11 Ode Ode to the West Wind – Percy Bysshe Shelley O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being, Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing, Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red, Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou, Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed The wingèd seeds, where they lie cold and low, Each like a corpse within its grave, until Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill (Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed i n air) With living hues and odours plain and hill: Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear!... Ode to the West Wind uses Terza Rima ABA BCB CDC DED EE 12 The repetition of very similar syntactic patterns or words to create rhythm 13 The Tyger – William Blake Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? Parallelism In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare seize the fire? And what shoulder, & what art. Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand? & what dread feet? What the hammer? what the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? what dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp? When the stars threw down their spears, And watered heaven with their tears, Did he smile his work to see? Did he who made the Lamb make thee? Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Dare frame thy fearful symmetry? 14 Rhyme that occurs within a single line of verse 15 Internal Rhyme The Raven – Edgar Allan Poe Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. `'Tis some visitor,' I muttered, `tapping at my chamber door Only this, and nothing more.‘… 16 Five groups of syllables called“feet” following an unstressed/stressed pattern 17 Iambic Pentameter 18 Unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter 19 Blank Verse Paradise Lost – John Milton Of Mans First Disobedience, and the Fruit Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal tast Brought Death into the World, and all our woe, With loss of Eden, till one greater Man Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat, Sing Heav'nly Muse, that on the secret top Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire That Shepherd, who first taught the chosen Seed, In the Beginning how the Heav'ns and Earth Rose out of Chaos: Or if Sion Hill Delight thee more, and Siloa's Brook that flow'd Fast by the Oracle of God; I thence Invoke thy aid to my adventrous Song, That with no middle flight intends to soar Above th' Aonian Mount, while it pursues Things unattempted yet in Prose or Rhime. 20 A poem with no consistent meter or rhyme patterns 21 Free Verse The Red Wheelbarrow – William Carlos Williams so much depends upon a red wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens 22 A word that imitates the sound it describes 23 Onomatopoeia 24 The repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming 25 Assonance 26 The repetition of a consonant sound in the middle or at the end of words 27 Consonance 28 The deliberate use of inharmonious syllables/words/phrases in order to create a harsh effect 29 Dissonance To a Locomotive in Winter – Walt Whitman Fierce-throated beauty! Roll through my chant with all thy lawless music, thy swinging lamps at night, Thy madly-whistled laughter, echoing, rumbling like an earthquake, rousing all, Law of thyself complete, thine own track firmly holding, (No sweetness debonair of tearful harp or glib piano thine,) Thy trills of shrieks by rocks and hills return'd, Launch'd o'er the prairies wide, across the lakes, To the free skies unpent and glad and strong. 30 Combining sharp, harsh, and unmelodious sounds to create an unpleasant spoken sound 31 Cacophony Jabberwocky – Lewis Carroll 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe. "Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun The frumious Bandersnatch!“… 32 Placing two or more objects, ideas, characters, or words close together for the purpose of contrast 33 Juxtaposition 34 A contradiction that reveals a deeper truth 35 Paradox Julius Caesar 2.2.32 – William Shakespeare Cowards die many times before their deaths Oxymoron JUMBO SHRIMP ACT NATURALLY SMALL CROWD DEFINITE MAYBE 36 The emotions you feel during and after reading This is WHAT the reader feels 37 Mood Gloomy Cheerful Stark naked flower stalks Stand shivering in the wind. The cheerless sun hides its black light Behind bleak, angry clouds, While trees vainly try To catch their escaping leaves. Carpets of grass turn brown, Blending morosely with the dreary day. Winter seems the death of life forever. Stunningly dressed flower stalks Stand shimmering in the breeze. The cheerful sun hides playfully Behind white, fluffy, cotton-ball clouds, While trees whisper secrets To their rustling leaves. Carpets of grass greenly glow Blending joyfully with the day. Spring brings life to death. 38 The attitude a poem’s style implies This is HOW the poet/persona presents the topic 39 Tone The Road Not Taken – Robert Frost Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I – I took the one less traveled by And that has made all the difference. 40 A figure of speech that makes either direct or indirect reference to a place, event, person, or other literary work 41 Allusion The Second Coming – William Butler Yeats Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity. Surely some revelation is at hand; Surely the Second Coming is at hand. The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out When a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi Troubles my sight: a waste of desert sand; A shape with lion body and the head of a man, A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun, Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it Wind shadows of the indignant desert birds. The darkness drops again but now I know That twenty centuries of stony sleep Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle, And what rough beast, its hour come round at last, Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born? 42 “I told you a million time this is the hardest question in the game!” 43 Hyperbole 44 Name the Device 45 Pun 46 The cultural and/or emotional association a word carries 47 Connotation Lady Chick 48 Giving human characteristics to nonhuman things 49 Personification 50 The literal meaning of a word, the dictionary definition 51 Denotation 52