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Astronomy The Night Sky. Vocabulary Terms to know for the Regents: Horizon, altitude, coordinate system, constellation, zenith, Polaris, ecliptic, lightyear A. Mapping the Sky As with any mapping, it is essential to make a __________ ____________________________ that uses an 'x' and 'y' axis to ________________positions. From anywhere on earth (and in Astronomy magazine), coordinate points have these names: Up Across From the ____________ From the point at which the sun ____________(the crosses the celestial equator during the extension of the earth's ________________________: equator into space) The 'y' axis point is called _________________ The 'x' axis point is called the ___________________ or hour circle Terms we use when viewing from home: Up Across From any point on your __________________: Starting with ____________, looking up due North as 0º, East is 90º, South is into the sky: 180º and West is 270º: back to north at 360 The 'y' axis point is called The 'x' axis point is called the the _______________ ___________________ (What do you think the celestial North Pole is? The celestial sphere?) Example: if you were looking at Scorpio and so was someone in Liberia, you would use the same _____________________________________________ to describe the locations. (just like using Latin to name living things). These measurements would be the same no matter what day or time you looked at it!!!! However, if you wanted to tell me where Scorpio was, looking from your backyard, you would measure its height above the __________________________) and use a compass to tell me how far from due North it was (____________________). These are only good from your house at the exact hour and day you took the measurements!!! The Origin of the ________________________: Vocabulary to know for the Regents: Universe, stars, fusion, galaxies, Milky Way Galaxy, local cluster, cosmic background radiation, spectrum, spectroscope, electromagnetic radiation, red-shift, Doppler Effect A: _________________________________ 1. 13.7 billion years ago, the Universe (all known ________________________________) began in a moment of ______________ in which energy began to be changed into matter. (That's basically what __________________ means). 2. Over time, electrons, protons and neutrons ______________________. As these slowed down a little, atoms of ___________________ began to form. In time, gases coalesced to form ___________ which are spheres capable of ______________ (making _____________ ________________ from lighter atoms at millions of degrees). 3. Many pockets of gas became ___________________________________________ moving together through space. Galaxies grouped together to form ____________of galaxies. 4. Our galaxy is the _________________________________, a spiral galaxy ______________ across and _____________________high. Draw: Ours is one of 22 galaxies in our ___________________________. The nearest galaxy to us is the Andromeda Galaxy. B: _______________________ Our Universe 1. Ever since that first initial violent explosion, our universe has ____________________ ____________________. a. How do we know? We watch all types of stars, nebula, galaxies, quasars, pulsars, and black holes. b. Astronomers discovered something called _____________________________________ that seems to be great ______________________ left over from a terrific explosion. 2. All matter gives off ________________________________ (including you?), which is measured in wavelengths and frequencies of both visible and invisible light. See page 14 of ESRT 3. These wavelengths make up the ___________________________________. Each substance gives off its own ___________________ when viewed through a spectroscope. 4. When an object ____________________ at great speeds, its spectra shifts to __________ _______________________ (red-shift) and when it is moving ____________________ its spectra shifts to shorter wavelengths (________________________). The faster it is moving, the __________________________ will be. This is called the ____________________________. 5. When we look at stars, we are looking backwards in time. The farthest quasars (very old stars) are _____________________________________. 6. Present predictions are for the universe to continue to move outward forever. Too bizarre! C:______________________ The matter in the universe separated in all directions. 1. Most ___________________ is in the form of stars or star dust. (You and I are star dust!!) 2. On the ________________________, stars are classified according to their _______________________________ and ____________________ (how bright the star REALLY is). See page 15 of ESRT. 3. All stars begin as _______________________ when space dust has formed a sphere that becomes very hot, leading to ___________________: when _____________________ is turned into _________________ in its core. 4. The ________________________________________ (stars that are stable and have a lot of hydrogen left in their cores) a. _______________________________ are massive stars that only exist millions of years before they blow up (__________________), creating ______________ (large clouds of star dust) and either neutron stars or black holes. Large stars create helium, lithium…..iron. b. Our star, the Sun, is a typical main sequence star. When it becomes old (uses up its hydrogen) it will expand and become a _____________________. 5. White and Brown ________________________ are the remnants of exploded Red Giants. 6. ___________________________ are formed during these massive explosions and interactions. 7. The matter in the universe is constantly recycled into new dust and stars and energy. Nothing has been added or taken away (according to the laws of Physics) since the initial Big Bang.