Download Heart Flashcards

Heart Flashcards
1. Of the three layers of the heart wall,
the layer that contains the cardiac
muscle is the…?
2. What is PERICARDITIS?
Myocardium


3. What causes it?
Inflamed outer layer of the heart.
Pericarditis can be caused by damage to the blood
vessels (from infection, wound, autoimmune disease,
etc)--blood leaks into pericardial cavity
Pericarditis can lead to pericardial friction rub,
adhesions, additional excess fluid in the pericardial
cavity, or cardiac tamponade (pressure from fluid in the
pericardial cavity which causes improper heart beat). It
does NOT cause myocardial infarction.
4. What can it lead to?

5. A penetrating stab wound to the heart
wall that causes blood to leak into the
pericardial cavity, leading to an
improper heart beat is what
condition?
6. What condition of the heart is caused
by bacterial infection, and can
damage the valves?
7. What structure closes to prevent
blood from going from the
pulmonary artery back into the right
ventricle?
8. Describe the blood flow into and out
of the heart, listing all the structures.
CARDIAC TAMPONADE
9. The superior and inferior vena cavae
open into which chamber?
10. What chamber is responsible for
generating the largest pressure upon
contraction
11. Stenosis (blockage) of the mitral
valve may cause blood to back up
into where?
12. What structure is located between the
ventricles and the great arteries?
13. If the beating heart makes a “lubdub” sound, the “dub” sound is
caused by what?
14. When the Left & Right Ventricles
contract at the same time, what is that
called? What are the atria doing
during this time?
NOTE: this is not the same as having arrhythmia, which is a problem
with the SA or AV node. The irregular heartbeat of cardiac
tamponade is from a different cause, and treatment is different.
Endocarditis
Pulmonary Semilunar Valves
Deoxy blood enters the heart by way of the superior or
inferior vena cava and enters into the right atrium, goes past
the tricuspid valve  R ventricle  pulmonary semilunar
valve  pulmonary artery  lungs  pulmonary veins 
Left atrium  mitral (bicuspid) valve  Left ventricle 
aortic semilunar valve  aorta  rest of body.
Right Atrium
Left ventricle
The pulmonary circulation
The Semilunar valves
Vibrations that result from blood hitting the semilunar valves after
they slam shut.

SYSTOLE
-Ventricles contract
-Atria relax
Heart Flashcards
15. When ventricles are relaxed, it’s
called? What are the atria doing
during this time?

DIASTOLE:
-Ventricles relax
-Atria contract
16. What valves close at the start of
systole?
17. What valves close at the end of
systole?

18. What are the ventricles doing during
systole?
19. What are the ventricles doing when
the semilunar valves close?
20. What are the ventricles doing when
the semilunar valves are open?
21. What is the most common heart valve
disorder?
22. Picture of heart depolarization
Note: Systole means that the ventricles are contracting.
23. Describe the path that an action
potential takes during depolarization
of the heart.
24. What does the Bundle of His do to
the electrical signal pathway?
25. What is the name of the condition
when there is a problem with the SA
or AV node which causes an irregular
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje
fibers.

Start of Systole (ventricles start to contract): Closing of
the large valves (tricuspid and mitral)
End of Systole (ventricles are relaxing): Semilunar
valves are closed (aortic and pulmonary)
The ventricles are relaxing
The ventricles are contracting
Mitral valve prolapse
Slows it down to give the atria a chance to finish contracting.
ARRHYTHMIA
Treatment is medicines or a pacemaker.
Heart Flashcards
heartbeat?
26. What is the treatment?
27. What condition means a heart beat
that is too fast?
28. What condition means a heart beat
that is too slow?
29. What condition is when the ventricles
are unable to pump blood efficiently
due to rapid, random contraction of
cardiac muscle fibers. The muscle
doesn’t contract as a unit.
30. What is the term for PAIN caused by
deficient blood delivery to the heart
wall?
Too fast: tachycardia
31. What is ISCHEMIA?
ISCHEMIA: Lack of blood/ oxygen
32. What is the proper term for a heart
attack?
33. Does death occur within a few
minutes of a heart attack in 50% of
the cases?
Myocardial infarction
Too slow: bradycardia
VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
Angina
No, death takes about 2 hours in 50% of the cases.
34. What are the purposes of the
following medicines:
35. t-PA
36. Beta blockers
37. Aspirin
38. Nitroglycerine
39. What is the difference between
arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?

t-PA (dissolves blood clots)

Beta-blockers (slows heart rate)

Aspirin (prevents blood clots)
 Nitroglycerine (dilates coronary arteries)
 Arteriosclerosis is hardening of the arteries, caused by
a build-up of calcium deposits in the artery wall; artery
cannot expand with blood surges. Tends to be
hereditary.
 Atherosclerosis is caused by a build-up of fat in the
arteries, from eating fatty foods -narrowing of artery - Spasm shut or blood clot.

Both cause High Blood Pressure, but only
atherosclerosis causes myocardial infarctions
40. What is the difference between an
embolism and a thrombis?
A thrombis is a blood clot.
An embolism is a piece of blood or fat clot that has broken off and
travels in the bloodstream.
41. What condition results when an
embolism lodges:
42. In a coronary artery?
43. In the brain?


If the embolism lodges in the coronary arteries -
myocardial infarct (Heart attack).
If the embolism lodges in an artery in the brain --
stroke
Heart Flashcards
44. In the lungs?

45. What is a procedure to inject dye into
the arteries and x-ray to see if there is
narrowing (sclerosis) of a vessel?
An ANGIOGRAM
46. If an artery is too narrow, what
procedure can be performed to open
it up?
47. What procedure can be done when a
Coronary artery has become almost
completely blocked from plaques and
requires a vessel transplant?
48. What vessel is used for this
procedure?
49. What is a sac-like outpouching of an
artery?
50. What is the result if it is located in
the brain, and ruptures?
51. Coronary artery disease terms:
An ANGIOPLASTY
If the embolism lodges in the lungs- pulmonary
embolism

CORONARY BYPASS.

saphenous vein

Aneurysm
Stroke

Atherosclerosis- Fatty deposits

Angina pectoris- chest pain

Myocardial infarction- blocked coronary artery

Silent ischemia- lack of blood flow that happens to not
cause any pain or other symptoms; leads to unexpected
heart attack.
52. -What is ATHEROSCLEROSIS?
53. -What is Angina Pectoris?
54. -What is Myocardial infarction?
55. -What is Silent Ischemia?
56. What is Congestive Heart failure?
Congestive Heart failure:
57. Describe some traits:
 Progressive weakening of the heart
 Blood backs up into lungs (may clog up blood)
 Cannot meet the body’s demand for
oxygenated blood
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a congenital condition
where the walls of the left ventricle are so thick that the
lumen is too small to hold much blood.
58. What is Hypertrophic
Cardiomyopathy? Define

59. When does the heart first start
beating?
60. The foramen ovale in the fetus gives
rise to what structure in the adult?
at the end of the fourth week
FOSSA OVALIS.