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Lecture 16 Heart Test Review
Of the three layers of the heart wall, the layer
that contains the cardiac muscle is the…?
Myocardium
What is PERICARDITIS?
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Inflamed outer layer of the heart.
Pericarditis can be caused by damage to the blood
vessels (from infection, wound, autoimmune disease,
etc)--blood leaks into pericardial cavity
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Pericarditis can lead to pericardial friction rub,
adhesions, additional excess fluid in the pericardial
cavity, or cardiac tapenade (pressure from fluid in the
pericardial cavity which causes improper heart beat). It
does NOT cause myocardial infarction.
What causes it?
What can it lead to?
A penetrating stab wound to the heart wall that
causes blood to leak into the pericardial
cavity, leading to an improper heart beat is
what condition?
What condition of the heart is caused by
bacterial infection, and can damage the valves?
CARDIAC TAPENADE
NOTE: this is not the same as having arrhythmia, which is a problem
with the SA or AV node. The irregular heartbeat of cardiac tapenade
is from a different cause, and treatment is different.
Endocarditis
Pulmonary Semilunar Valves
What structure closes to prevent blood from
going from the pulmonary artery back into the
right ventricle?
Describe the blood flow into and out of the
heart, listing all the structures.
Deoxy blood  sup/inf vena cava  R atrium  tricuspid
valve  R ventricle  pulmonary semilunar valve 
pulmonary artery  lungs  pulmonary veins  Left atrium
 mitral (bicuspid) valve  Left ventricle  aortic semilunar
valve  aorta  rest of body.
The pulmonary circulation
Stenosis (blockage) of the mitral valve may
cause blood to back up into where?
What structure is located between the ventricles
and the great arteries?
If the beating heart makes a “lub-dub” sound, the
“dub” sound is caused by what?
The Semilunar valves
Vibrations that result from blood hitting the semilunar valves after
they slam shut.
When the Left & Right Ventricles contract at the
same time, what is that called? What are the
atria doing during this time?
When ventricles are relaxed, it’s called? What
are the atria doing during this time?
What valves close at the start of systole?
What valves close at the end of systole?
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What are the ventricles doing during systole?
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SYSTOLE
-Ventricles contract
-Atria relax
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DIASTOLE:
-Ventricles relax
-Atria contract
Start of Systole (ventricles start to contract): Closing of
the large valves (tricuspid and mitral)
End of Systole (ventricles are relaxing): Semilunar
valves are closed (aortic and pulmonary)
Note: Systole means that the ventricles are contracting.
What is the most common heart valve disorder?
Mitral valve prolapse
Picture of heart depolarization
Describe the path that an action potential takes
during depolarization of the heart.
What does the Bundle of His do to the electrical
signal pathway?
What is the name of the condition when there is
a problem with the SA or AV node which causes
an irregular heartbeat?
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers.
Slows it down to give the atria a chance to finish contracting.
ARRHYTHMIA
Treatment is medicines or a pacemaker.
What is the treatment?
What condition means a heart beat that is too
fast?
What condition means a heart beat that is too
slow?
Too fast: tachycardia
Too slow: bradycardia
What condition is when the ventricles are
unable to pump blood efficiently due to rapid,
random contraction of cardiac muscle fibers.
The muscle doesn’t contract as a unit.
VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
What is the term for PAIN caused by deficient
blood delivery to the heart wall?
Angina
What is ISCHEMIA?
ISCHEMIA: Lack of blood/ oxygen
What is the proper term for a heart attack?
Does death occur within a few minutes of a
heart attack in 50% of the cases?
Myocardial infarction
No, death takes about 2 hours in 50% of the cases.
What are the purposes of the following
medicines:
t-PA
Beta blockers
Aspirin
Nitroglycerine
What is the difference between arteriosclerosis
and atherosclerosis?
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t-PA (dissolves blood clots)
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Beta-blockers (slows heart rate)
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Aspirin (prevents blood clots)
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Nitroglycerine (dilates coronary arteries)
Arteriosclerosis is hardening of the arteries, caused by
a build-up of calcium deposits in the artery wall; artery
cannot expand with blood surges. Tends to be
hereditary.
Atherosclerosis is caused by a build-up of fat in the
arteries, from eating fatty foods -narrowing of artery - Spasm shut or blood clot.
Both cause High Blood Pressure
What is the difference between an embolism
and a thrombis?
A thrombis is a blood clot.
An embolism is a piece of blood or fat clot that has broken off and
travels in the bloodstream.
What condition results when an embolism
lodges:
In a coronary artery?
In the brain?
In the lungs?
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What is a procedure to inject dye into
the arteries and x-ray to see if there is
narrowing (sclerosis) of a vessel?
If an artery is too narrow, what procedure can
be performed to open it up?
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If the embolism lodges in the coronary arteries -
myocardial infarct (Heart attack).
If the embolism lodges in an artery in the brain --
stroke
If the embolism lodges in the lungs- pulmonary
embolism
An ANGIOGRAM
An ANGIOPLASTY
What procedure can be done when a Coronary
artery has become almost completely blocked
from plaques and requires a vessel transplant?
What vessel is used for this procedure?
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CORONARY BYPASS.
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saphenous vein
What is a sac-like outpouching of an artery?
What is the result if it is located in the brain, and
ruptures?
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Aneurysm
Stroke
Coronary artery disease terms:
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Atherosclerosis- Fatty deposits
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Angina pectoris- chest pain
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Myocardial infarction- blocked coronary artery
-What is Silent Ischemia?
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Silent ischemia- lack of blood flow that happens to not
cause any pain or other symptoms; leads to unexpected
heart attack.
What is Congestive Heart failure?
Congestive Heart failure:
-What is ATHEROSCLEROSIS?
-What is Angina Pectoris?
-What is Myocardial infarction?
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Describe some traits:
Progressive weakening of the heart
Blood backs up into lungs (may clog up blood)
Cannot meet the body’s demands for oxygenated
blood.
What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy? Define
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Embryonic Development of the Heart:
-When does the heart first start beating?
at the start of the fourth week
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a congenital condition
where the walls of the left ventricle are so thick that the
lumen is too small to hold much blood.
The foramen ovale in the fetus gives rise to what
structure in the adult?
FOSSA OVALIS.