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7th Grade Science Vocabulary: Weather: ● Water Cycle (precipitation (rain, hail, sleet or snow), evaporation, condensation (cool/clouds) ● Humidity (moisture in the air causes precipitation) ● Dew Point (rate at which condensation occurs) ● Weather (short term changes)/Climate (long term averages relating to latitude) ● Thermal Heating (conduction/radiation/convection) ● Anemometer (wind speed) ● Barometer (air pressure) ● Temperature (heat) ● Fronts (cold, warm, stationary, occluded) ● Air Masses (Continental-dry/Maritime-humid, Tropical-warm/Polar-cold) ● Clouds (Fog, Stratus, Cumulus, Cumulonimbus, Cirrus) ● Air Pressure (high-happy/Low-lousy) ● Composition Nitrogen/Oxygen (mostly Nitrogen) ● Layers of the Atmosphere (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere) ○ Ozone layer (in stratosphere/protective layer) ○ Ionosphere (Aurora Borealis/Northern Lights) ○ Altitude (higher in altitude the lower the air pressure) ● Global winds (Trade winds/Westerlies/Easterlies) ○ Coriolis Effect (curve of winds) ○ Jet Streams-meandering winds (west to east in the U.S.) ○ Calm Belts (Doldrums and Horse Latitudes) ○ Unequal Heating-Land heats/cools quicker than water ● Land Breeze-Sea air rises-cold air from the land takes its place creating a breeze from the land ● Sea breeze-Sun heats the land during the day-warm air rise and cold air from the sea takes its place ● Tornadoes -(funnel cloud that touches the ground) ● Hurricanes (forms near the equator in warm waters) ● Thunderstorms (cumulonimbus clouds and cold fronts) ● Meteorologist (studies weather) ● Doppler Radar (precipitation)/Satellites/Radar/Weather Maps/Station Models ● Air Pollution (air quality/stewardship) Living Organisms: ● Living Organisms-1. Made of Cells 2. Reproduce 3. obtain/use Energy 4. Grow/Develop 5. Respond/Adapt to their environment ● Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms ● Unicellular Organisms (Volvox-plant/flagella, Paramecium-animal/cilia, Euglena-both/flagella, Amoeba-animal/pseudopods) ● Autotroph-makes their own food/Heterotroph-relies on others to get food ● Prokaryotic-no nucleus/Eukaryotic-nucleus Cells ● Animal Cell/Organelles (cell membrane-allows things in and out, cytoplasm-holds the organelles, mitochondria (creates energy), Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER-transports), Golgi Body (packages), Ribosomes (makes protein), Nucleus (control center), lysosomes (digests) ● Plant Cells/Organelles (Chloroplast (photosynthesis/Chlorophyll)/Cell Wall (protects/supports)/Larger Vacuole-water) ● Cell Cycle (Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, Cytokinesis) ● Mitosis-results in two daughter cells (prophase, metaphase (middle), anaphase (apart), telophase (2 nuclei) ● Body Systems (Circulatory, Respiratory, Excretory, Digestive, Muscular, Skeletal, Endocrine, Immune, Nervous, integumentary) ● Homeostasis-maintain balance in the body (all systems work together to keep the body functioning) Heredity/Genetics: ● Meiosis results in four sex cells (sperm or egg) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Asexual Reproduction (budding (grow off the parent), fission (split in two), regeneration (grow a new body), cloning (copy in a lab) Sexual Reproduction (variation, gametes (egg/sperm), fertilization, zygote, haploid (half)/diploid) Punnett Squares (possible outcomes of an offspring) Genetics (dominant/recessive traits) chromosomes/genes/alleles Homozygous (same)/heterozygous (different) Genotype alleles from parents (letters)/phenotype (physical traits) DNA/replication/mutation Pedigree (shows passing down of a trait from one generation to another) Heredity (passing down of traits) Environment/lifestyle vs. inheritance effect on survival/genetic diseases Force/Motion: ● Motion (change of position from the reference point) ● Displacement-the moving of something from its original position. ● Newton’s Laws (1st-inertia object in motion stays in motion, 2nd-f = ma, 3rd action/reaction) ● Balanced/unbalanced Forces (unbalanced causes objects to move) ● Speed (s = d/t) ● Velocity (speed in a specific direction) ● Speed/distance graphs-positive slope = an increase in speed ● Acceleration (speed up, speed down, and change direction) ● Momentum-force gained as a result of mass (takes time to slow down/slow down if it has more mass) ● Force -Push/Pull (contact/non-contact) ● Friction (sliding, rolling, static, fluid) ● Law of Universal Gravity (closer the objects or larger the mass the larger force of gravity) ● Mass vs. weight (mass-amount in an object/weight is the amount of gravitational pull) ● Air resistance (larger the object’s surface area the slower it falls) (parachutes) ● Centripetal force (moving or tending to move toward a center) ● Magnetism force (North/South Poles “opposites attract”) Energy/Transformations ● Potential Forms-stored (Chemical, Nuclear, Elastic, Gravitational) ● Kinetic Forms-moving (Mechanical, Electrical, Light/Radiant, Thermal/heat, Sound) ● Energy transformations (Roller coaster, pendulum, cars on a ramp) ● Law of Conservation of Energy-energy can’t be created/destroyed only transformed to different forms ● Simple Machines (levers-3 classes, wedge, screw, inclined plane, pulley, wheel/axle) ● Work-movement is in the same direction of the force ● Power-rate of doing work/Efficiency-how much energy is conserved ● Mechanical Advantage-amount the input force is MULTIPLIED ● Ohm’s Law/Voltage/Electric Current-the higher the voltage the higher the electric current ● Electric discharge (lightning) ● Static Electricity-Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges in material. ● Electrons (opposites attract-Positive and negative) ● Conductors (copper, metal)/Insulators (plastic, rubber) ● Series circuits (1 path, 1 goes out they all do/parallel circuits (many paths, 1 goes out they remain on) ● Electromagnets-a coil of wire wrapped around an iron core becomes magnetized when an electric current flows through the wire.