Download lecture notes by: professor rodriguez

LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ
LET US GO OVER THE SYLLABUS
! THIS IS A CONTRACT BETWEEN ____________________________ AND YOUR PROFESSOR.
! AFTER SIGNING THIS CONTRACT YOU ARE BOUND TO ______________________THAT IS IN IT.
! WHAT IF YOU DON’T LIKE SOMETHING ON THE SYLLABUS? (PLEASE FIND THE NEAREST EXIT)
WHAT IS BIOLOGY?
! BIOLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF ____________________________
BIOLOGISTS ARE MOVING CLOSER TO UNDERSTANDING:
! HOW A SINGLE CELL DEVELOPS INTO AN ORGANISM
! HOW PLANTS CONVERT SUNLIGHT TO CHEMICAL ENERGY
! HOW THE HUMAN MIND WORKS
! HOW LIVING THINGS INTERACT IN COMMUNITIES
! HOW LIFE’S DIVERSITY EVOLVED FROM THE FIRST MICROBES
WHAT IS BIOLOGY?
! LIFE’S BASIC ____________________________ IS A HIGH DEGREE OF ORDER
! EACH LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION HAS EMERGENT PROPERTIES:
A. ___________________________________________________________
B. ___________________________________________________________
C. ___________________________________________________________
D. ___________________________________________________________
E. ___________________________________________________________
F. ___________________________________________________________
G. ___________________________________________________________
CONCEPT 1.1: LIFE FROM THE MICROSCOPIC TO THE GLOBAL SCALE
! THE STUDY OF LIFE EXTENDS FROM ________________ AND CELLS TO THE ENTIRE LIVING
!
PLANET
BIOLOGICAL ________________ IS BASED ON A HIERARCHY OF STRUCTURAL LEVELS
HIERARCHY OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
1. ____________________________: ALL ENVIRONMENTS ON EARTH
2. ____________________________: ALL LIVING AND NONLIVING THINGS
IN A PARTICULAR AREA
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
____________________________: ALL ORGANISMS IN AN ECOSYSTEM
____________________________: ALL INDIVIDUALS OF A SPECIES IN A PARTICULAR AREA
____________________________: AN INDIVIDUAL LIVING THING
____________________________: SPECIALIZED BODY PARTS MADE UP OF TISSUES
____________________________: A GROUP OF SIMILAR CELLS
____________________________: LIFE’S FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
9. ____________________________: A STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF A CELL
10. ____________________________: A CHEMICAL STRUCTURE CONSISTING OF ATOMS
LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ
A CLOSER LOOK AT ECOSYSTEMS
! EACH ____________________________ INTERACTS WITH ITS ENVIRONMENT
! BOTH ORGANISM AND ____________________________ AFFECT EACH OTHER
ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS
! THE DYNAMICS OF AN ECOSYSTEM INCLUDE TWO MAJOR PROCESSES:
o ____________________________ OF NUTRIENTS, IN WHICH MATERIALS ACQUIRED BY
PLANTS EVENTUALLY RETURN TO THE SOIL
o
THE FLOW OF ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT TO ____________________________ TO
CONSUMERS
ENERGY CONVERSIONS
! ACTIVITIES OF LIFE REQUIRE ____________________________
! WORK DEPENDS ON SOURCES OF ____________________________
! ENERGY ____________________________ BETWEEN AN ORGANISM AND ENVIRONMENT
!
!
OFTEN INVOLVES ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS
IN ____________________________, SOME ENERGY IS LOST AS HEAT
ENERGY FLOWS THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM, USUALLY ENTERING AS LIGHT AND EXITING AS
____________________________
A CLOSER LOOK AT CELLS
! THE CELL IS THE ____________________________ LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION THAT CAN
PERFORM ALL ACTIVITIES OF LIFE
!
THE ABILITY OF CELLS TO ____________________________ IS THE BASIS OF ALL
REPRODUCTION, GROWTH, AND REPAIR OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
THE CELL’S HERITABLE INFORMATION
! CELLS CONTAIN DNA, THE ____________________________ INFORMATION THAT DIRECTS
THE CELL’S ACTIVITIES
! ____________________________ IS THE SUBSTANCE OF GENES
! GENES ARE THE UNITS OF ____________________________ THAT TRANSMIT INFORMATION
FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING
THE CELL’S HERITABLE INFORMATION
! EACH DNA MOLECULE IS MADE UP OF TWO LONG ____________________________
!
ARRANGED IN A DOUBLE HELIX
EACH LINK OF A CHAIN IS ONE OF FOUR KINDS OF CHEMICAL
____________________________ CALLED NUCLEOTIDES
WHAT DOES THE DNA DO?
LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ
TWO MAIN FORMS OF CELLS
! CHARACTERISTICS ____________________________ BY ALL CELLS:
o ENCLOSED BY A ____________________________
o USE DNA AS ____________________________ INFORMATION
! TWO MAIN FORMS OF CELLS:
o EUKARYOTIC: DIVIDED INTO ____________________________; DNA IN NUCLEUS
o PROKARYOTIC: ____________________________ ORGANELLES; DNA NOT
SEPARATED IN A NUCLEUS
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
! A SYSTEM IS A ____________________________ OF COMPONENTS THAT FORM A MORE
COMPLEX ORGANIZATION
!
CELLS, ____________________________, AND ECOSYSTEMS ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
!
____________________________ PROPERTIES RESULT FROM ARRANGEMENTS AND
!
INTERACTIONS WITHIN SYSTEMS
NEW PROPERTIES EMERGE WITH EACH STEP ____________________________ IN THE
HIERARCHY OF BIOLOGICAL ORDER
REDUCTIONISM
! REDUCTIONISM IS ____________________________ COMPLEX SYSTEMS TO SIMPLER
!
COMPONENTS THAT ARE EASIER TO STUDY
THE STUDIES OF ____________________________ AND THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT ARE
EXAMPLES OF REDUCTIONISM
SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
! SYSTEMS BIOLOGY SEEKS TO CREATE ____________________________ OF THE DYNAMIC
!
!
BEHAVIOR OF WHOLE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
AN EXAMPLE IS A SYSTEMS MAP OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PROTEINS IN A FRUIT FLY CELL
SUCH MODELS MAY ____________________________ HOW A CHANGE IN ONE PART OF A
SYSTEM WILL AFFECT THE REST OF THE SYSTEM
FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
! ____________________________ SYSTEMS ENSURE A DYNAMIC BALANCE IN LIVING SYSTEMS
! CHEMICAL PROCESSES ARE ____________________________ (ACCELERATED) BY ENZYMES
! MANY BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES ARE SELF-REGULATING: THE PRODUCT REGULATES THE
PROCESS ____________________________
! IN NEGATIVE FEEDBACK, THE ACCUMULATION OF A PRODUCT
____________________________ DOWN THE PROCESS ITSELF
! IN POSITIVE FEEDBACK (LESS COMMON), THE PRODUCT ____________________________ UP
ITS OWN PRODUCTION
LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ
FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
! NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
o OUTPUT ____________________________ OFF ORIGINAL STIMULUS; RESPONSE IS
____________________________
o CAUSES VARIABLE TO CHANGE IN ____________________________ TO DIRECTION OF
INITIAL CHANGE
!
POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
o ____________________________ OF ORIGINAL STIMULUS; RESPONSE IS
____________________________
o CAUSES VARIABLE CHANGE IN THE ____________________________ DIRECTION AS
INITIAL CHANGE
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
! THE RESPONSE ____________________________ OR SHUTS OFF THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS
! EXAMPLES:
o REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE (A NERVOUS MECHANISM)
o REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME BY ADH (AN ENDOCRINE MECHANISM)
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
! THE RESPONSE ____________________________ OR EXAGGERATES THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS
! MAY EXHIBIT A CASCADE OR AMPLIFYING EFFECT
! USUALLY CONTROLS INFREQUENT EVENTS E.G.:
o ENHANCEMENT OF LABOR CONTRACTIONS BY OXYTOCIN (CHAPTER 28)
o PLATELET PLUG FORMATION AND BLOOD CLOTTING
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
! ____________________________ OF HOMEOSTASIS
! ____________________________ RISK OF DISEASE
! CONTRIBUTES TO CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH AGING
! MAY ALLOW ____________________________ POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS TO TAKE
OVER (E.G., HEART FAILURE)
CONCEPT 1.3: LIFE ACROSS ITS GREAT DIVERSITY OF SPECIES
! BIOLOGISTS HAVE NAMED ABOUT 1.8 MILLION SPECIES
! ESTIMATES OF TOTAL SPECIES RANGE FROM 10 MILLION TO OVER 200 MILLION
GROUPING SPECIES: BASIC IDEA
! ____________________________ IS THE BRANCH OF BIOLOGY THAT NAMES AND CLASSIFIES
SPECIES INTO A HIERARCHICAL ORDER
!
KINGDOMS AND DOMAINS ARE THE ____________________________ UNITS OF
CLASSIFICATION
LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ
THE THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE
! AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL, LIFE IS CLASSIFIED INTO THREE DOMAINS:
o ____________________________ (PROKARYOTES)
o ____________________________ (PROKARYOTES)
o ____________________________ (EUKARYOTES)
! EUKARYOTES INCLUDE PROTISTS AND THE KINGDOMS PLANTAE, FUNGI, AND
ANIMALIA
UNITY IN THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE
! UNDERLYING LIFE’S DIVERSITY IS A STRIKING ____________________________, ESPECIALLY
!
AT LOWER LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
IN EUKARYOTES, ____________________________ IS EVIDENT IN DETAILS OF CELL
STRUCTURE
EVOLUTION
! ____________________________ ACCOUNTS FOR LIFE’S UNITY AND DIVERSITY
! THE HISTORY OF LIFE IS A SAGA OF A CHANGING EARTH BILLIONS OF YEARS OLD
EVOLUTION
! THE ____________________________ VIEW OF LIFE CAME INTO SHARP FOCUS IN 1859, WHEN
CHARLES DARWIN PUBLISHED ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY NATURAL SELECTION
! “DARWINISM” BECAME ALMOST SYNONYMOUS WITH THE CONCEPT OF
____________________________
CHARLES DARWIN
! THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES ARTICULATED TWO MAIN POINTS:
o _____________________________________ (THE VIEW THAT CONTEMPORARY
SPECIES AROSE FROM A SUCCESSION OF ANCESTORS)
o _____________________________________ (A PROPOSED MECHANISM FOR DESCENT
WITH MODIFICATION)
! SOME EXAMPLES OF DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION ARE UNITY AND DIVERSITY IN THE
ORCHID FAMILY
NATURAL SELECTION
! DARWIN INFERRED NATURAL SELECTION BY ____________________________ TWO
OBSERVATIONS:
o OBSERVATION: INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN HERITABLE TRAITS
o OBSERVATION: OVERPOPULATION AND COMPETITION
o INFERENCE: UNEQUAL REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS
o INFERENCE: EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION
NATURAL EDIT
! NATURAL SELECTION CAN “____________________________” A POPULATION’S HERITABLE
!
VARIATIONS
AN EXAMPLE IS THE EFFECT OF BIRDS PREYING ON A BEETLE POPULATION
LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ
EVIDENCE
! NATURAL SELECTION IS OFTEN EVIDENT IN ____________________________OF ORGANISMS
!
TO THEIR WAY OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENT
BAT WINGS ARE AN EXAMPLE OF ____________________________
THE TREE OF LIFE
! MANY ____________________________ORGANISMS HAVE SIMILAR FEATURES ADAPTED FOR
SPECIFIC WAYS OF LIFE
!
!
SUCH KINSHIPS CONNECT LIFE’S UNITY AND DIVERSITY TO DESCENT WITH
____________________________
NATURAL SELECTION EVENTUALLY PRODUCES ___________________ SPECIES FROM
ANCESTRAL SPECIES
!
BIOLOGISTS OFTEN SHOW ____________________________RELATIONSHIPS IN A TREELIKE
DIAGRAM
CONCEPT 1.5: INQUIRY TO EXPLORE LIFE
! INQUIRY IS A SEARCH FOR INFORMATION AND EXPLANATION, OFTEN FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC
!
QUESTIONS
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE BLENDS TWO MAIN PROCESSES OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY:
o
o
DISCOVERY SCIENCE: ____________________________NATURE
HYPOTHESIS-BASED SCIENCE: ____________________________NATURE
DISCOVERY SCIENCE
! DISCOVERY SCIENCE ____________________________NATURE THROUGH CAREFUL
!
OBSERVATION AND DATA ANALYSIS
EXAMPLES OF DISCOVERY SCIENCE:
o
o
____________________________CELL STRUCTURE
____________________________DATABASES OF GENOMES
TYPES OF DATA
! DATA ARE RECORDED ____________________________
! TWO TYPES OF DATA:
o ____________________________DATA: NUMERICAL MEASUREMENTS
o ____________________________DATA: RECORDED DESCRIPTIONS
TYPES OF SCIENCE
! INDUCTION IN DISCOVERY SCIENCE
o ____________________________REASONING INVOLVES GENERALIZING BASED ON
MANY SPECIFIC OBSERVATIONS
!
HYPOTHESIS-BASED SCIENCE
o IN SCIENCE, INQUIRY USUALLY INVOLVES ____________________________AND
o
TESTING HYPOTHESES
HYPOTHESES ARE HYPOTHETICAL ____________________________
LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ
THE ROLE OF HYPOTHESES
! IN SCIENCE, A ____________________________IS A TENTATIVE ANSWER TO A WELL-FRAMED
____________________________
! A HYPOTHESIS IS AN ____________________________ON TRIAL, MAKING A PREDICTION
THAT CAN BE TESTED
DEDUCTION
! THE “IF…THEN” LOGIC OF HYPOTHESIS-BASED SCIENCE
! IN DEDUCTIVE REASONING, THE LOGIC FLOWS FROM THE ____________________________TO
!
THE SPECIFIC
IF A HYPOTHESIS IS CORRECT, THEN WE CAN EXPECT A
____________________________OUTCOME
HYPOTHESES IN INQUIRY
! A SCIENTIFIC HYPOTHESIS MUST HAVE TWO IMPORTANT QUALITIES:
o IT MUST BE ____________________________
o IT MUST BE ____________________________
MYTH OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
! THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IS AN ____________________________ PROCESS OF INQUIRY
! VERY FEW SCIENTIFIC ___________________________ ADHERE RIGIDLY TO THE “TEXTBOOK”
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A CASE STUDY IN SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY: INVESTIGATING MIMICRY IN SNAKE POPULATIONS
! IN ____________________________, A HARMLESS SPECIES RESEMBLES A HARMFUL SPECIES
! AN EXAMPLE OF MIMICRY IS A STINGING HONEYBEE AND A NONSTINGING MIMIC, A FLOWER
FLY
A CASE STUDY IN SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY: INVESTIGATING MIMICRY IN SNAKE POPULATIONS
! THIS CASE STUDY EXAMINES KING SNAKES’ MIMICRY OF POISONOUS CORAL SNAKES
! THE HYPOTHESIS STATES THAT MIMICS BENEFIT WHEN PREDATORS MISTAKE THEM FOR
!
HARMFUL SPECIES
THE MIMICRY HYPOTHESIS PREDICTS THAT PREDATORS IN NON–CORAL SNAKE AREAS WILL
ATTACK KING SNAKES MORE FREQUENTLY THAN WILL PREDATORS THAT LIVE WHERE CORAL
SNAKES ARE PRESENT
EXPERIMENT W/ ARTIFICIAL SNAKES
! TO TEST THIS MIMICRY HYPOTHESIS, RESEARCHERS MADE HUNDREDS OF ARTIFICIAL SNAKES:
! AN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP RESEMBLING KING SNAKES
! A CONTROL GROUP RESEMBLING PLAIN BROWN SNAKES
! EQUAL NUMBERS OF BOTH TYPES WERE PLACED AT FIELD SITES, INCLUDING AREAS WITHOUT
!
CORAL SNAKES
AFTER FOUR WEEKS, THE SCIENTISTS RETRIEVED THE ARTIFICIAL SNAKES AND COUNTED BITE
OR CLAW MARKS
LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ
DESIGNING CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS
! SCIENTISTS DO NOT CONTROL THE EXPERIMENTAL ENVIRONMENT BY KEEPING ALL
!
VARIABLES CONSTANT
RESEARCHERS USUALLY “CONTROL” UNWANTED VARIABLES BY USING CONTROL GROUPS TO
CANCEL THEIR EFFECTS
LIMITATIONS OF SCIENCE
! THE LIMITATIONS OF SCIENCE ARE SET BY ITS ____________________________,
o SCIENCE SEEKS ____________________________, CAUSES FOR NATURAL
o
PHENOMENA
SCIENCE CANNOT SUPPORT OR ____________________________, SUPERNATURAL
EXPLANATIONS, WHICH ARE OUTSIDE THE BOUNDS OF SCIENCE
THEORIES IN SCIENCE
! A SCIENTIFIC THEORY IS MUCH ____________________________, THAN A HYPOTHESIS
! A SCIENTIFIC THEORY IS:
o ____________________________, IN SCOPE
o ____________________________, ENOUGH TO GENERATE NEW HYPOTHESES
o ____________________________, BY A LARGE BODY OF EVIDENCE
MODEL BUILDING IN SCIENCE
! MODELS ARE ____________________________,
OF IDEAS, STRUCTURES, OR PROCESSES
! MODELS MAY RANGE FROM
____________________________
REPRESENTATIONS TO SYMBOLIC SCHEMATICS
THE CULTURE OF SCIENCE
! SCIENCE IS AN INTENSELY SOCIAL ACTIVITY
! BOTH ____________________________ AND
COMPETITION CHARACTERIZE SCIENTIFIC
CULTURE
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
! THE GOAL OF SCIENCE IS TO ____________________________NATURAL PHENOMENA
! TECHNOLOGY APPLIES ____________________________KNOWLEDGE FOR SOME SPECIFIC
PURPOSE
CONCEPT 1.6: THEMES CONNECTS BIOLOGY
! BIOLOGY IS THE SCIENCE MOST ___________________________ TO THE HUMANITIES AND
!
SOCIAL SCIENCES
UNDERLYING THEMES PROVIDE A ___________________________ FOR UNDERSTANDING
BIOLOGY