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Transcript
WORLD HISTORY notes CRUSADES 1071 Battle of Manzikert Seljuk Turks (Muslims) defeat Byzantines and took control of Holy Lands Turks taxed Christians heavily for pilgrimages Byzantine Emperor, Alexius Comnenus, asked Pope Urban II for help IMPORTANCE OF HOLY LANDS and JERUSALEM CHRISTIANS MUSLIMS JEWS Where Jesus lived, preached, and was crucified Church of Holy Sepulchre Holy shrine Jesus resurrected Dome of the Rock Holy shrine site of Muhammad’s “Night of Power” Jewish Temple Wailing Wall (Western) 1095 Council of Clermont Pope Urban II calls for “Crusaders” to regain “Holy Lands” form the “Infidels” “God Will’s It” REASONS FOR FIGHTING IN THE CRUSADES CRUSADERS POPES Regain Holy Lands Salvation if died in battle (Martyr) Escape Feudalism $$$$ Adventure Increase power of Pope over Christendom By developing an international army led by the Church, nationalism loyalties to kings/lords would decrease and power of Pope would be increased End fighting between Christians in western Europe – GIVE THEM A COMMON ENEMY TO FIGHT 1099 First Crusade Crusaders recaptured Jerusalem Sign that God is on side of Christians Only successful Crusade Knights Templar Knights Hospitaller Protected Christian pilgrims (“Special Ops”) Christian organization in Holy Lands that cared for poor/sick 1189 Third Crusade – “King’s Crusade” King Richard (England), King Philip Augustus (France), King Frederick Barbarossa (HRE) Returned home pouting after fighting with King Richard Drowned on way to Crusades Saladin regained Jerusalem Saladin, Muslim leader, made a treaty with King Richard to allow Christians to make pilgrimages to Jerusalem King Richard was captured on the way home and held for ransom by the new HRE o Taxes raised to get Richard released were a contributing cause to the Magna Carta 1199 Fourth Crusade Crusaders attacked Christian cities to help pay for transportation to Crusades Christianity lost any hope of ever reuniting 1212 Children’s Crusade God would deliver victory because they were poor and faithful 5th-8th Crusades = Failures had victories, but generally lost it back 1291 Crusades over Acre, last Christian stronghold in Holy Lands, is lost CRUSADES DIED OUT Defeats European lack of interest due to economic growth Discredited due to Crusaders attacking other Christians RESULTS OF CRUSADES • Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire • Permanent separation Christianity – In 1453, when Byzantine Empire was defeated, they surrendered instead of asking Rome for aid • Increase in trade – especially Italian cities, which helped fuel the Renaissance • Increase in power of Monarchs • Breakdown of Feudalism • Renewed European interest in education • Improved technology (maps, compass, ships)