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Empires in East Asia 600 - 1350 Review Early Dynasties • • • Shang Dynasty1766-1122 Zhou Dynasty1122-221 – Last 400yrs - warring states Qin Dynasty 221 -206 BCE – – – – – – Shi huangdi (1st emperor) Legalist philosophy First coinage, writing system, Censorship Lasts 15 years China- in 2,000 years - 23 dynasties - 9 important ones Han Dynasty • • Han Dynasty (classical era) – Confucian based society – Merit system-bureaucrats – Paper & porcelain invented • For 400 years after fall of Han time of great troubles… – Buddhism becomes popular in this period Tang Dynasty (618-918) • Sui unite China rule for 30 years – Grand Canal – Great Wall • Tang – Increased boundaries – Heavy dependence on Militarism Tang Taizong the grand emperor • Rise of Tang • First emperor & minister (Wei Zheng)- model of good rule • Imperial power and moral restraint in theory - in practice hard to maintain Tang – Trade & commerce grow – Printing – Arts- focus on landscape/nature – Gun powder – Woodblock printing • Capital city Chang’an (eternal peace) 24 mile walled city • Artistic / commercial & invention continues in Song era Empress Wu • Ruled for 50 years - 705 – Biggest challenge deal with scholar/gentry and old aristocrats – Economy remained strong! • Econ- equal land system • Civil exam system – Social mobility? • Confucianism as official philosophy = cultural literacy uniting China Tang Taizong (The Profound Emperor) and Consort Yang Decline of Tang - Losing the Mandate of Heaven • Reasons for decline – 751 - loss to Arabs at Talas – Equal land system breaks down – Poor attention to canal & irrigation systems – Nomadic attacks • Moral: China’s view – Centralization = unity = peace (stability) – Decentralization = civil war Song Dynasty 960-1279 • • Rise - 907 960 saw the fragmentation of China into five northern dynasties and ten southern kingdoms until Song unify CHARACTERISTICS – Scholar-gentry class dominates • abuses in civil service exam develop – Paper money – Arts & commerce – 11C Needle compass (3rd century - South pointer) • Inventions! • • • • • • Porcelain Gunpowder Moveable type Compass Mechanical Clock Feet binding? Asian Steppe • Western Steppe – Hittites & Aryans origins • Eastern Steppe – Huns, Turks, & Mongols origins Asian Steppe • Trade routes across Eurasia – Silk Road • • • • Dry grasslands Lack of rainfall Windy Mongolia’s temperatures – 57’ F in winter – 96’ F in summer Nomads of the Asian Steppe • Pastoralists – Herded domesticated animals – Constantly moving in search of good pastures to feed their herds – Depended on animals • Food – Meat & mare’s milk • Clothes – Skins & wool • Houses – Portable felt tents called yurts – Traveled in clans or kinship groups • All common ancestors • Clans came together when they needed a larger force for battle The Rise of the Mongols • Mongols – Nomadic people of the Asian Steppe – Skilled horsemen – Discipline, ruthlessness, & courage in battle – Raid cities along trade routes Meet Genghis Khan Mongols • Genghis Khan – Once called Temujin – Defeated rivals to unify Mongols – Took name Genghis Khan • “universal ruler” of the Mongols – Brilliant organizer & strategists in military • First conquest failed in China, so he went west instead & conquered all the way to Europe – Used new weapons & technologies – Used terror tactics – 1221 – Central Asia was controlled by the Mongols The Mongol Empire • 1227 – Genghis Khan died from illness – His successors continued to expand the empire • Controlled China to Poland • Largest unified land empire in history • Many areas invaded by Mongols never recovered – Populations wiped out – Destroyed ancient irrigation systems » Like in Mesopotamia Mongol Peace • Mid-1200’s through mid-1300’s – Over time, Mongol rulers adopted cultures • Islam was found in Russia & Persia • Mongols imposed stability & law across Eurasia • Guaranteed safe passage of trade caravans, travelers, & missionaries across the empire – Trade increased heavily » Ideas & inventions spread Meet the Mongols • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szxPar0 BcMo The Great Khan • Ogada – – – – Called “Great Khan” Son of Genghis Khan Expanded empire in China, Korea, & Russia Went west into Bulgaria & Romania • Very close to Vienna & Venice – 1241 – the Great Khan died & the westward campaign ended • No telling how far west the Mongols would have gone! Khanates • 1260 – empire divided into 4 khanates – Each ruled by a descendant of Genghis Khan • Khanate of the Great Khan – Mongolia & China • Khanate of Chagatai – Central Asia • Ilkhanate – Persia • Khanate of the Golden Horde – Russia Empire of the Great Khan • Kublai Khan – Genghis Khan’s grandson – Called himself the Great Khan in 1260 – Goal was to extend his own khanate east into Mongolia, Korea, Tibet, & China – Considered a great emperor in Chinese history, too! “I have heard that one can conquer the empire on horseback, but one cannot govern it on horseback” A Chinese adviser’s words of wisdom to Kublai Khan Mongol Rule in China • 1279 – Kublai Khan was the first conquer all of China – Set up a new dynasty • Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) – United all of China – Opened China to greater trade • With Muslims from India, Central Asia, & Persia – Tolerated Chinese culture – Made few changes to the system of government • Mongols lived with different laws & looked different from the Chinese • Chinese couldn’t serve in highest government posts – Only Mongols & foreigners Mongol Rule in China • Kublai Khan lived in China instead of Mongolia – He didn’t hate civilization like his ancestors • Tried to conquer Japan twice, but failed – Battle was at a standstill when a typhoon hit – Destroying ships & killing many Mongols • “kamikaze” – Divine Wind Marco Polo • Marco Polo – Venetian trader – Served the Great Khan (Kublai Khan) for 17 years • Government missions in various Chinese cities – 1292 – went back to Venice which was at war with Genoa (rival city) • He was captured & imprisoned • He told his stories of his adventures with the Mongols & Chinese • He died in prison in 1324 • Another prisoner collected his stories & was a success in Europe – Europeans didn’t believe the stories » Thought they were tall tales The End of Mongol Rule • Kublai Khan died at age 80 in 1294 • Yuan Dynasty lasted for 74 more years, but had many problems – Rebellions broke out because: • • • • • • Chinese resented Mongol rulers Famine Flood Disease Economic problems Corrupt government The End of Mongol Rule • 1368 – Chinese overthrew Mongols in China & founded the Ming Dynasty – Most Mongols went back to the Mongolian Steppe – Some stayed & were valued for their skills in cavalry • Ilkhanate in Persia fell apart in the 1330’s • Chagatai Khans in Central Asia fell in the 1370’s • Golden Horde in Russia lasted until 1480 YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR SECTION 4 ON YOUR OWN