Download Biology 2121 Review – Cell Structure and Function (Chapter 3

Biology 2121 Review – Cell Structure and Function (Chapter 3)
Vocabulary: Hydrophobic; hydrophilic; glycolipid; glycocalyx; desmosome; gap junction; microvilli; interstitial fluid; diffusion;
osmosis; facilitated diffusion; integral or transport protein; peripheral protein; aquaporin; osmolarity; tonicity; isotonic;
hypertonic; hypotonic; symport; antiport; exocytosis; endocytosis; phagocytosis; pinocytosis; organelle; cytosol;
inclusions; endomembrane system; cilia; flagella; anucleate; chromatin; chromosome; interphase; mitosis; cell cycle;
helicase; polymerase; chromatids; cytokinesis; cyclins; prophase; anaphase; metaphase; telophase; transcription;
translation; nucleic acid; messenger, ribosomal and transfer RNA; intron; exon; codon; anticodon; apoptosis; vesicle;
clathrin
Review/Important Topics
1. Know the 3 basic parts of the cell
2. Know the basics of the cell theory.
3. Know that somatic or body cells contain 46 chromosomes and the gametes 23 chromosomes.
4. Know the location, structure and function of each organelle below:
 Mitochondria; centrioles; cytoskeleton; peroxisomes; lysosomes; nucleus; ribosomes; endoplasmic reticulum; golgi
apparatus
5. Know the following about the plasma membrane
 Semi-permeable or selectively permeable
 Core is the phospholipid bilayer
 Fluid mosaic model
 Amphiphatic – polar and nonpolar sections
 Know the chemistry behind the polar heads and nonpolar tails
 Location and functions of the following proteins
o Integral and peripheral proteins
 Role of cholesterol
 Role of the glycoproteins
 Function of the gap junctions
 Structural role of the demosomes, tight junctions
6. Know what materials are able to pass through lipid bilayer and materials that are unable to pass through
7. Distinguish between mitosis and interphase
8. Know the parts of the cell cycle plus the following
 Know the sub-phases of interphase
 Know that interphase is the longest phase of the cycle cycle
 Know that interphase precedes mitosis
 Know that cytokinesis follows mitosis
9. Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis.
10. Know the following concerning mitosis
 Know the four phases in order
 Know the major events that take place in each phase
11. Know the following about how cell division is controlled
 Know that some cells do not reproduce (nerve cells)
 G0 is the go ahead and divide point or not to divide
 Know that cell division is regulated by CDKS proteins that activate or inactivate the cell division process
 Know the role of the cyclin proteins
 Distinguish between apoptosis and necrosis
12. Distinguish between passive and active transport.
 Understand why it is referred to as passive transport (no energy, high to low concentration)
13. Know the following concerning passive transport
 Know that osmosis is a special type of diffusion
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Distinguish between simple diffusion and osmosis
Distinguish between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
Know the factors that affect the rate of diffusion.
Know examples of substances that use osmosis, simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion to move into and out of
cells
Know the following concerning tonicity
 Distinguish between an isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic environment that a cell exists in.
 Know what happens when cells are placed in all three environments (lyse, crenate, etc.)
o Use the red blood cell example
 Be sure to relate the tonicity environments to the extracellular environment the cell exists in
o For example if a cell is placed in a hypotonic environment, the solution surrounding the cell is higher in
water than solutes compared to the internal or intracellular environment inside the cell, etc.
Know the following concerning active transport
 Distinguish between passive transport and active transport
 Know how the sodium-potassium pump works
 Know the importance of the sodium potassium pump in respect to ionic balance in nerve cells.
 Distinguish between endocytosis and exocytosis
o Provide examples
 Distinguish between symport and antiport systems
 Know how receptor- mediated endocytosis works
Know the monomer of nucleic acids
 Know the 3 parts of a nucleotide
Know examples of nucleic acids
Know the following about DNA
 Know the name!
 Know general characteristics
 Know the four nitrogen bases
 Know the base pairing rules
 Know that the bases are held together by hydrogen bonding
Know the following about RNA
 How it differs from DNA
 Know the four bases and base pairing rules
 Know the base that substitutes for thymine in RNA
 Know the three types of RNA
Know the relationship between DNA, Chromosomes, Chromatin and Genes.
Know the following concerning DNA replication.
 Enzymes involved and their functions
 General process
 Be able to reproduce a strand of DNA
 Know that the process is referred to as semi-conservative replication and why.
Distinguish between transcription and translation
Distinguish between an exon and intron.
Know the following concerning RNA and transcription
 Be able to transcribe mRNA from DNA
 Know the enzymes and their functions involved in transcription
 Distinguish between the functions of the three RNA types
 Know what a codon is and its role in protein synthesis
Know the following concerning translation
 Be able to use the genetic code to translate codons into amino acids
 Know the role of tRNA and mRNA in the process.
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Know that translation occurs on the surface of the ribosomes
Be able to make a simple polypeptide chain.
Know that the bonds between the amino acids are called peptide bonds
Know what polyribosomes are, and why they are important