Download Ch. 2- BIOCHEMISTRY Macromolecules

Ch. 2- BIOCHEMISTRY
Macromolecules- Building Blocks of Life
 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules
 4 major classes of macromolecules:
_________________________
__________________________
_________________________
__________________________
Polymers- Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain
 _________________ - building blocks, repeated small units, ____________________ bonds
How to build a polymer__________________
 joins monomers by “taking” H2O out
o 1 monomer provides OH–
o other monomer provides H+
o together these form H2O
 requires ______________ &
________________
How to break down a polymer –
__________________
 use H2O to breakdown polymers
o reverse of dehydration synthesis
o cleave off one monomer at a time
o H2O is split into H+ and OH–
o H+ & OH– attach to ends
 requires ___________________
Bonding
 Covalent Bonds
o atoms share electrons.
o 2 kinds:
Nonpolar covalent bonds - electrons shared _______________between _____________ atoms; bond is
strong; Ex: O2, N2
Polar covalent bond- electrons shared ________________ between _______________atoms; one atom
pulls electrons more; gives a slightly ; negative charge; Ex: H20
 _______________ (polar) molecules - have polar covalent bonds; _______________ in water; dissociate easily;
Ex: glucose, amino acids
 _______________ (nonpolar) molecules - mainly nonpolar covalent bonds; do _____ dissolve in water; have few
charges; Ex: Lipids (fats)
 Ionic Bonds-electrons _____ shared; one or more electrons are _________________ from one atom to another;
transferring atom (+): __________; receiving atom (-): ____________; NaCl is an example; weaker than
covalent; dissociate when dissolved in H2O; form ________________ spheres
 Hydrogen bonds - _________ bonds ; account for- shape (due to folding) of large proteins, holds ________
ladders together and physical properties of ___________ (like surface tension and capillary action).
 Disulfide bonds- found in ________________; cause shape of proteins (folding and twisting of protein shapes).
Chemical Reactions

_______________________:
o results in the formation of new bonds
o requires ______________
o wound healing, ___________ growth
o More complex chemical structure is
formed
o A + B AB

____________________:
o results in bond _________________
o energy is released as heat or captured
for _______________; digestion
o Chemical bonds ________ to form
simpler chemical structure
o AB  A + B

_______________________:
o Chemical bonds are broken and new
bonds are formed
o AB + CD  AD + CB

_______________________:
o The products can change back to the
reactants
o A + B  AB
Organic vs. Inorganic
 Organic compounds
o contain covalently bonded _____________________ atoms
o include macromolecules: carbohydrates, _______________ , proteins, nucleic ___________
o Most macromolecules include a carbon core with functional groups attached (___________________ of
atoms giving carbon core ________________ chemical properties)
 Inorganic compounds - required, but not made by, living things; contain ____ carbon
o ___________________
 accounts for 60 – 80% of cell contents
 very versatile and vital;
 Universal _______________ (because it is a polar molecule)
 No chemical reactions unless in solution
 Dissolved compounds can be brought to cells (via blood) or move about cell cytoplasm
 Exhibits _________________ - water molecules stick ____________ due to the hydrogen bonds.

o
o
o
o
Exhibits ________________-water molecules stick to ___________ molecules thereby keeping
things dissolved
 _________________ of water causes “hydration layers” with other molecules as (-) ends of
water surround and enclose the (+) ends of other molecules and vice versa.
 Has a _______________________________________- large amounts of heat are needed to
raise the temperature of water, so water bodies have _____________ temperatures; body
temps can be maintained; transfer of heat from warm to cool body parts.
 Has a __________________________________- much energy is needed to pull water molecules
apart; since water rarely boils in nature, living systems are spared.
 Major _________________ medium of body; blood
 Major component of body lubricants; synovial fluid, mucus, etc.
 ______________________ – cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid
______________– ionic compounds consisting of (+) and (-) ions other than H+ and OH become ______________________ in body when dissolved
 conduct electricity in bodily functions such as muscle contraction and nerve conduction.
 Important to bone and teeth hardness.
 Forms parts of hemoglobin molecule of RBC’s.
______________
 Taste _________
 React with metals
 Concentration of H+ ions that determine _______________
 Proton (+) donors produced by the body (gastic acid) or produced as a by-product (hydrogen
peroxide)
________________
 Taste ______________
 Feel slippery
 Proton acceptor, produced by the body (bicarbonate) or as a by-product of metabolism
(ammonia)
__________________
 Substances that maintain the pH constancy of body fluids
 Act as a H+ reservoir; add or remove excess H+
Organic Compounds
 Contain ______________ which is a unique molecule
 Carbon bonds with itself and/or other molecules, ___________________.
 Often found in chains (straight or branched), rings, folded sheets, etc
o makes carbon versatile
o the way carbons are bonded together determines type of organic compound
 carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid, etc.
_____________________
 Known as “______________”, CH2O;
 classified by size
 named according to the number of carbons in the molecule (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, etc.) monomer =
____________________________ (Latin sacchron means sugar)
 major ______________________ source for the human body
o Disaccharides (C12H22O11); known as “double sugars”;
o formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined together by dehydration synthesis
o done so sugars can be transported.
 examples: sucrose (table sugar); lactose (milk sugar); maltose (grain sugar);
 created through _____________________________________________________ of pairs of monosaccharides.
 Polysaccharides- known as “______________ sugars”; formed when many monosaccharides are joined; act as________ for cells and structural components of DNA, cell membranes, & cell surface receptors
o examples - ______________ (animal starch stored in the liver and muscles); _____________ (structural
polysaccharide of plant cell walls); _______________ (plant polysaccharide
o When body needs energy, it looks to the liver to “__________________” glycogen (stored starch) and
release the resulting monosaccharide to the cells; the cells, in turn, release energy from bonds of
monosaccharide; energy that is released is converted to another energy compound called _________
______________
 Commonly called “________”
 insoluble in polar solvents (like water)
 soluble in nonpolar organic solvents like alcohol, ether, gasoline
 commonly attached to proteins in the bloodstream so they can travel in the aqueous plasma even though they
are ___________________
 composed of CHO but with a __________ oxygen ratio than carbohydrates
 classified by their solubility
 Ex: include fats, oils, and waxes




Triglycerides – (fats)
o composed of 3 fatty acids (carbon-hydrogen chain) and 1 glycerol (sugar) through dehydration synthesis
into an “E” shape
o large molecule which must be broken down in order to release the large amount of stored energy
o usually stored under the skin as “fat”
o can also collect in the lining of blood vessels and cause ______________________
o act as good _____________________, insulators and a concentrated source of energy
Fatty acids are classified as
o “______________” (originating from animals and having all available hydrogens atoms which make
them harder to metabolize)
o “_______________________” – lacking some hydrogen atoms; contains double bonds
o “___________________________” (originating from plants)
o Hydrogenating oils makes them saturated and solid
Phospholipids -“_____________ lipids”; modified triglycerides composed of 2 fatty acids and a phosphorus
chain; used to build cell ___________________.
_________________ - lipid composed of ringed hydrocarbons; Ex: cholesterol which is the precursor for many
_________________ (like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone)’; vitamin D; bile salts.
 Prostaglandins- “tissue hormone”; lipid responsible for: blood vessel diameter,
ovulation, uterine contraction, inflammation reactions, and blood clotting
_______________
 10 – 30% of cell mass; composed of CHONPS
 monomers = _____________________________ (20 commonly known)
o linked together by ____________________ bonds to form polypeptides
o Strings of polypeptides = protein
o Average proteins are 50,000 aa long
 Protein versatility results from the various combinations and numbers of amino acids as well as the structural
shape they take on (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary); shape confers properties
 _______________________ proteins - primary and secondary structures; linear or helical; Insoluble; stable;
form body parts like _________________ , keratin, elastin, bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, hair, nails, etc.
 __________________ proteins- tertiary, quaternary structures; water soluble; mobile; chemically active; include
antibodies, _________________ , enzymes
 ____________________________ of proteins – functional proteins are highly susceptible to ________ and ____
(due to the weakness of the hydrogen bonds holding together their structure)
o heat denaturation is _____________________ ; once the arrangement of the molecule (and its
composing atoms) is disrupted, it is no longer “active”
 Enzymes
o proteins
o act as biological _______________
o Lower activation _________________ of the substrate
o Not destroyed or used up
o some are proteins needing activation (cofactor) from a vitamin or mineral
o named according to substrate it catalyzes; ex: maltase hydrolyzes maltose; most enzymes have an
“____” ending
o Operate in a very narrow pH, temperature and ionic range
o can vary from enzyme to enzyme; ex: enzymes in the stomach vs. enzymes in the blood
o “substrate ________________”; one enzyme for each type of substrate
o Reusable
o Have an _________________________________ to which the substrate bonds. Any change in this site
will render the enzyme inactive – “denaturated”
o Naming Enzymes
 Name of substrate affected with “ase” on the end; ex: sucrase, lactase, protease
 According to kind of chemical reactions catalyzed
o Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity –temperature, _____, ionic concentration, substrate concentration,
enzyme concentration, _______________________ inhibitors, _________________________ inhibitors
____________________________
 Made up of C, H, O, N & P
 Monomer = nucleotide
 Examples = DNA, RNA
___________ – adenosine triphosphate
 Work
1. mechanical functions for cell
2. ____________ transport
3. breakdown/synthesis of large molecules
 Can be regenerated by adding phosphate back on to ADP