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Name_________________________ April 19, 2015 AP BIOLOGY REVIEW GUIDE BIG IDEA #2 “ The price of success is hard work, dedication to the job at hand, and the determination that whether we win or lose, we have applied the best of ourselves to the task at hand” Concept 1 – BIOCHEMISTRY 1. CHNOPS- most common elements in all living matter. 2. 2. Bonds- ionic (transfer electrons), covalent (sharing-polar/unequal sharing and non-polar/equal sharing), hydrogen (weak bonds between hydrogen and negatively charged items), hydrophobic interactions (how non-polar compounds congregate together-lipids) 3. pHa. 0-14, # of H ions determines scale; logarithmic- pH 3 = 10 -3 = 1/1000 b. Blood - _____ stomach - _____ small intestine - ___; enzymes are specific to pH. 4. Water properties – a. Polarity b. Cohesion c. Characteristics 5. Organic molecules – a. Monomersb. Polymers Carbohydrates – CHO 1:2:1 ratio Function Examples 1. 2. 3. 4. Lipids – C,H,0 (not a 1:2:1 ratio) *P only in phosphodipids 1.(examples) 2. 3. 4. Proteins – C,H,O,N (may have other elements in R group) 1. Monomer2. Parts of amino acid= 3. 3. Protein folding a. 1 b. c. d. 4. Function Nucleic acids C,H,O,N 1. Monomer= 2. Made of3. Function4. Shape5. RNA6. Explain 3 forms of RNA 7. Enzymes a. Biological catalystsb. Active site c. Functiond. Ends in____ 1. 2. 3. Vocabulary Active site Allosteric site Amino acid Amphipathic Anabolic Carbohydrate Carbon Catabolic Catalyst Coenzyme Enzyme rate is affected by: Inhibition-competitive inhibition – Non-competitive inhibitionCoenzymes denaturation disaccharide hydrogen bond hydrophilic hydrophobic ion lipid macromolecule monomer monosaccharide non-polar molecule nucleic acid nucleotide organic molecule peptide bond polar molecule polymer protein substrate water 2 Thinking Practice 1. If the following molecules were to undergo a dehydration synthesis reaction, what molecules would result? Circle the parts of each amino acid that will interact and draw the resulting molecule. 3 DNA polymerase from T. aquaticus (Taq) is used in PCR (polymerase chain reaction). PCR is a technique where millions of copies of DNA can be made from one original copy. In this method, the target DNA molecule is subjected to temperatures over 95 degrees C to make the double-stranded DNA separate. The temperature is then lowered slightly to allow primers to anneal before the Taq polymerase catalyzes the reactions to incorporate new nucleotides into the complementary strands. The cycle is then repeated over and over until there are millions of copies of the target DNA. 4 Biochemistry – Short Free Response ( 4 points) Water is important for all living organisms. The functions of water are directly related to its physical properties. Describe how the properties of water contribute to TWO of the following: Transpiration Thermoregulation in endotherms Plasma membrane structure 5