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Graph of foreign influences on
English
Norman conquest of England
• It began in 1066 with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by
William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy)
• Battle of Hastings.
Language changes
One of the most obvious changes was the introduction of AngloNorman, a northern dialect of Old French, as the language of
the ruling classes in England, displacing Old English. French
retained the status of a prestige language for nearly 300
years and has had a significant influence on the language,
which is still visible in Modern English.
Computer analysis of the language has shown that the one
hundred most common words of English are all of AngloSaxon origin. (McCrum, 61)
Origins
In 911, French Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple had allowed a group of Vikings,
under their leader Rollo, to settle in northern France with the idea that they would
provide protection along the coast against future Viking invaders.
The Vikings (known as the Northmen, hence the place name Normandy).
They quickly adapted to the indigenous culture, renouncing paganism and converting to
Christianity and adopted the langue d'oïl and added features from Norse (the Norman
language).
They further blended into the culture by intermarrying with the local population, and
used the territory granted them as a base to extend the frontiers of the Duchy to the
west, annexing territory the Bessin, the Cotentin Peninsula and the Channel Islands.
The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history for several reasons. This
conquest linked England more closely with continental Europe through the introduction
of a Norman aristocracy, thereby lessening Scandinavian influence.
It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe and engendered a
sophisticated governmental system (centralization, census, sophisticated systems of
accounting and taxation)
It changed the English language and culture, and set the stage for a rivalry with France.
Middle English Period
Middle English c 1150-c 1475
Modern (New) English since c 1475
The Hundred Years' War
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The Hundred Years' War was a conflict between
France and England, lasting 116 years from 1337
to 1453.
It was fought primarily over claims by the English
kings to the French throne and was punctuated
by several brief and two lengthy periods of peace
before it finally ended in the expulsion of the
English from France, with the exception of the
Calais Pale.
Thus, the war was in fact a series of conflicts and
is commonly divided into three or four phases:
the Edwardian War (1337-1360), the Caroline
War (1369-1389), the Lancastrian War (14151429), and the slow decline of English fortunes
after the appearance of Joan of Arc, (14291453).
Linguistic consequences
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The Hundred Years War with France (13371454) provided a major impetus to speak
English, not French. At the same time, the
outbreak of the mysterious disease known as
“The Black Death”, by making labor scarce,
improved and accelerated the rise in status of
the English working man. The plague caused
so many deaths in the monasteries and
churches that a new generation of semieducated, non-French and Latin speakers took
over as abbots and prioresses. After the
pandemic, English grammar began to be taught
in schools, to the detriment of French.
English now appears at every level of society.
(McCrum, 78)
Yersinia pestis
Renaissance
 The Renaissance (French: "rebirth," Italian:
"Rinascimento"), was a cultural movement that spanned
roughly the 14th through the 17th century, beginning in
Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest
of Europe.
 It encompassed the revival of learning based on classical
sources, the rise of courtly and papal patronage, the
development of perspective in painting, and advancements
in science. The Renaissance had wide-ranging
consequences in all intellectual pursuits, but is perhaps
best known for its artistic aspect and the contributions of
such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo,
who have inspired the term "Renaissance men".
 The Medici family, Florence.
The Renaissance
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Some have called into question whether the Renaissance really was a cultural
"advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimism and
nostalgia for the classical age.
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The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European
intellectual life in the early modern period. By the 16th century, its influence was
felt in literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of
intellectual enquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study,
and searched for realism and human emotion in art.
Renaissance thinkers sought out learning from ancient Greek and Latin texts.
Scholars scoured Europe's monastic libraries, searching for works of antiquity
which had fallen into obscurity. In such texts they found a desire to improve and
perfect their worldly knowledge; an entirely different sentiment to the
transcendental spirituality stressed by medieval Christianity.
They did not reject Christianity; quite the contrary, many of the Renaissance's
greatest works were devoted to it, and the Church patronized many works of
Renaissance art. However, a subtle shift took place in the way that intellectuals
approached religion that was reflected in many other areas of cultural life.
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The Renaissance's origins
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Most historians agree that the ideas that characterized the
Renaissance had their origin in late 13th century Florence,
in particular with the writings of Dante Alighieri (1265–1321)
and Francesco Petrarch (1304–1374), as well as the
painting of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337).
The Renaissance was so called because it was a "rebirth"
of certain classical ideas that had long been lost to Europe.
It has been argued that the fuel for this rebirth was the
rediscovery of ancient texts that had been forgotten by
Western civilization, but were preserved in some monastic
libraries and in the Islamic world, and the translations of
Greek and Arabic texts into Latin. Renaissance scholars
such as de' Niccoli and Bracciolini scoured the libraries of
Europe in search of works by such classical authors as
Plato and Cicero.As the reconquest of the Iberian peninsula
from Islamic Moors progressed, numerous Greek and
Arabic works were captured from educational institutions
such as the library at Córdoba, which claimed to have
400,000 books.
Artists and philosophers
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Painters strove to portray the human form
realistically, developing techniques to render
perspective and light more naturally.
Renaissance men
Political philosophers (Machiavelli) sought
to describe political life as it really was, and
to improve government on the basis of
reason. In addition to studying classical
Latin and Greek, authors also began
increasingly to use vernacular languages;
The invention of printing (access to books).
Assimilation of Greek and Arabic
knowledge
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Greek and Arabic knowledge were not only assimilated
from Spain, but also directly from the Middle East. The
study of mathematics was flourishing in the Middle
East, and mathematical knowledge was brought back by
crusaders in the 13th century.The decline of the
Byzantine Empire after 1204 - and its eventual fall in
1453 - led to an exodus of Greek scholars to the West.
These scholars brought with them texts and knowledge
of the classical Greek civilization which had been lost
for centuries in the West.
Henry VIII of England
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Reign 22 April 1509 – 28 January 1547
Coronation 24 June 1509
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Born 28 June 1491(1491-06-28)
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Father to Mary I and Elizabeth I
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His legacy
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The launching of the English Reformation: the greatest
act of his reign would be one of the most radical and
decisive of any English monarch. His break with Rome in
1533-4 was an act with enormous consequences for the
course of modern English history well beyond the end of
the Tudor dynasty: not only in making possible the
subsequent transformation of England into a vibrant
Protestant society but also in the shift of economic and
political power from the Church to the gentry, chiefly
through the seizure and transfer of monastic lands and
assets — a short-term strategy with long term social
consequences.
History of the United
States
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Spanish exploration and settlement
1513 Juan Ponce de León explores La Florida
Other explorers: De Soto, Francisco Vázquez de
Coronado, Vizcaíno, Núñez Cabeza de Vaca,
Rodríguez Cabrillo.
French colonization 1652-1803
English/British Colonial America
1607 Jamestown colony
Powhatan uprising in Virginia