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Chapter 5 Classical Greece Early Settlement • Not united • Separate lands of Greek speaking people – The Story of Theseus and Mintotaur – Theseus and the Minotaur • Minoans – Island of Crete – Elaborate and elegant civilization • Indo-Europeans – Settled on mainland Greece Geography Shapes Greece • On the Ionian and Aegean Sea • How will this shape their life? – Used sea as “roads” – Trade!! • Mountains on ¾ of ancient Greece • How is this going to influence them? – Created many small “communities” – Kept them separate – Little farming Mycenaean Civilization Develops • Mycenae fortress capital • Led by warrior kings • Invaded Minoans on Crete • Kept some Minoan culture – Value of trade – Writing system – Legends becomes part of religion Trojan War (Movie Troy) • 1200 BC • Mycenaean kings fight 10 year war against Troy • Paris (prince of Troy) kidnapped Helen (queen of Sparta) • Trojan Horse Greek Culture Declines Under Dorians • Mycenaean civilization collapse after war • Dorians move into area – Greek ancestors • Trade fell • Economy collapse • No written records HOMER NO NOT THAT ONE THIS ONE Epics of Homer • Greek’s greatest story teller • Blind • Iliad and the Odyssey • Set in Trojan War Greek Myths • Greek gods • Seeking understanding of nature and power of human • • passions Given human qualities Zeus – Ruler of the gods • Hera – Zeus’ wife (goddess of marriage) • Athena – Zeus’ daughter and favorite child (goddess of wisdom) Chapter 5 Section 2 Warring City-States City-States Emerge • Polis—fundamental political unit • Agora—public center • Acropolis—fortified hilltop Governing Greek City-States • Monarchy—rule by king or queen • Aristocracy—rule by small group of nobles • Oligarchy—rule by few powerful people • Some representative governments too. New Military Develops • Shift from bronze to iron • More “common” people can afford to fight • How does this affect rule? • Hoplites—foot soldiers • Phalanx—military formation • Tyrants (powerful individuals) take over Athens and Sparta Sparta Messenians • Conquered by Spartans • Made Messenians helots (slaves) • Demanded half years crop Strong Government Created • • • • • Assembly of free adult males Council of Elders—proposed laws Five elected officials (ephors) carried out laws Two kings ruled military Social groups – – – – Native peoples Free non-citizens Helots slaves Spartan Education • Did not value individuality • No artistic expression • Men – At 7 trained in military – Marched barefooted • Girls – Ran, wrestled, played sports – Managed estates (homes) while husband was governing Athens Athenian Democracy • Unlike Sparta • Citizens participated directly in government • Only free adult males were citizens • Women, slaves, and foreigners few rights Reform • Clashes b/t aristocrats • Encourage export of • • and commoners Cylon—commoners stopped a tyranny Draco(621 BC)— wrote first set of laws – Contracts and property ownership • Solon(594 BC)— chosen to lead gov. – Outlawed debt slavery – Any citizen can bring charges • • • grapes and olives High demand for these Pisistratus(546 BC)— b/co tyrant Provided funds to peasants for farming – Taxed agricultural production • Gave jobs to poor Reforms of Cleisthenes (508 BC) • Made Athens a true democracy • Increase power of assembly – Broke up nobility – Allowed all to propose laws • Created Council of Five Hundred – Proposed laws – Counseled the assembly Persian Wars Darius (Persian) and Athens Battle at Marathon (not the restaurant) • Retaliation for Athens helping Ionian Greeks – Explain • 490 BC—Persian fleet fight Athenians at Marathon • Greek Phalanxes defeat Persian • Runner sent to Athens to tell the story – Pheidippides – Don’t give up Athens Thermopylae and Salamis • Mountain pass • 480 BC—Xerxes • • • (Darius’ son) invades Greece Greece too weak to fight Persians meet no resistance Spartans held off Persians while Greeks retreated (Movie 300) • Athens • Themistocles plan – Abandon Athens and fight at sea • Xerxes fires Athens • Meets Athenians in • • channel around island of Salamis Persian ships too big to maneuver Athens ships defeat Persians Consequences of the Persian War • Confidence • Freedom • Athens controls alliance (140 city states) – Delian League • Drove Persians out of area • Athens's navy controls league Section 3 Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age Pericles • Wise statesman • Great speaker • Respected general • Led for 32 years • 461-429 BC—”AGE OF PERICLES” Pericles’ Three Goals 1. Stronger Democracy • Increase # of paid officials • Direct democracy—citizens rule directly 2. Strengthen Athenian Empire • Build huge navy – 200 ships – Kept safety of empire • Overseas trade – Grain – Other raw materials not found in Greece 3. Glorify Athens • Beautification projects – Gold, ivory, marble • Paid artisans (15 years of work) – Built the Parthenon • Phidias • Temple for Athena Greek Art • Sculptures – Graceful, strong, perfectly formed – Body in motion – Values of order, balance, proportion • Classical Art • Athena in Parthenon – 38 feet tall – Gold and ivory Drama and Theaters Drama • Tragedy and Comedy • First theaters in west • Tributes to gods and Greek civic pride • Wealthy paid for plays – Civic duty Peloponnesian War 431 BC Spartans and Athenians Go to War War • Athens superior at sea • Spartans superior on land • Sparta burns Athenian food supply • Pericles brings residents into city walls – Food supply safe if ships can come into port Sparta Gets the Edge • Two reasons – 1. plague kills 1/3-2/3 of Athens's pop. – 2. Athenian soldiers defeated at Syracuse • 413 BC • 404 BC Athens and allies surrenders • Confidence in Democracy falters • uncertainty gives rise to Philosophers Philosophers Search for Truth • Based on 2 assumptions – 1. universe put together in an orderly way and subject to absolute and unchanging laws – 2. people can understand through logic and reason • Sophists – Questioned peoples beliefs • Protagoras – Questioned traditional Greek gods Fully explain the consequences of the Peloponnesian War. Tragedy 1. Death 2. More than one character 3. Problem 4. Gods Comedy 1. good ending 2. picking on government, people 3. gods Your name, which the story is, label each characteristic, if it is missing one Socrates • Strong critic of Sophists • Encouraged Greeks to examine themselves • People did not understand his ideas • Brought to trial at 70 – Corrupting Athens youth – Neglecting the city’s gods • Sentenced to death – Drank poison Plato • Student to Socrates • Wrote conversations with Socrates • Wrote The Republic – Ideal society and Not democratic • Fit into 3 classes – Artisans and farmers – Warriors – Ruling class • Smartest of ruling class Philosopher-King Aristotle • Questioned nature of world, human belief, thought and knowledge • Developed method for arguing using logic (scientific method) • taught Alexander the Great when he was a child Chapter 5 Section 4 Alexander the Empire Builder Philip II • King of Macedonia – Tough people – Related to Greeks – Greeks looked down on them • Organized peasants into great army – phalanx • Great general and politician • Defeated northern opposition • Wanted Greece Conquest of Greece • Greeks were warned—Demosthenes • City-states would not join together • Battle of Chaeronea—decisive battle – Alexander led cavalry charge – 18 years old • Philip killed at daughters wedding – Former guard – 336 BC • Alexander takes over Alexander the Great • Kept Greece in check – Thebes • Educated by Aristotle • Defeat of Persia – Granicus River • Alexander defeats Persians • Issus – Ordered troops to break through Persian lines – Darius III ran away – Alexander controls Anatolia Alexander Not Through • Rejected treaty talks with Darius III – Wanted it all • Egypt 332 BC – Hailed as liberator – Made pharaoh by Egyptians • Mesopotamia – Battle of Gaugamela • Phalanx attack against Persian chariots • Ends Persian rule Alexander’s Legacy • 322 BC Alexander dies when returns home – Fever • 3 Generals take over – Antigonus—king of Macedonia – Ptolemy—pharaoh of Egypt – Seleucid—king of old Persian Empire • Alexander’s conquests ended independent Greek city states Chapter 5 Section 5 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture Hellenistic Achievements Category Attractions Astronomy Geometry Philosophy Art 3 Facts or Achievements Hellenistic Achievements Category 3 Facts or Achievements Attractions Alexandria (Lighthouse), Library of Alexandria, City of Alexandria Astronomy Geometry Philosophy Art Hellenistic Achievements Category 3 Facts or Achievements Attractions Alexandria (Lighthouse), Library of Alexandria, City of Alexandria Astronomy Eratosthenes (size of world), inner workings of human body, movement of stars Geometry Philosophy Art Hellenistic Achievements Category 3 Facts or Achievements Attractions Alexandria (Lighthouse), Library of Alexandria, City of Alexandria Astronomy Eratosthenes (size of world), inner workings of human body, movement of stars Geometry Euclid (ideas of Geometry), Archimedes (inventor—pulley), pump water out of ships Philosophy Art Hellenistic Achievements Category 3 Facts or Achievements Attractions Alexandria (Lighthouse), Library of Alexandria, City of Alexandria Astronomy Eratosthenes (size of world), inner workings of human body, movement of stars Geometry Euclid (ideas of Geometry), Archimedes (inventor—pulley), pump water out of ships Philosophy Stoicism (reason, self discipline, personal morality), Cynicism (reject pleasure, wealth), Epicureanism (seek pleasure, avoid pain) Art Hellenistic Achievements Category 3 Facts or Achievements Attractions Alexandria (Lighthouse), Library of Alexandria, City of Alexandria Astronomy Eratosthenes (size of world), inner workings of human body, movement of stars Geometry Euclid (ideas of Geometry), Archimedes (inventor—pulley), pump water out of ships Philosophy Stoicism (reason, self discipline, personal morality), Cynicism (reject pleasure, wealth), Epicureanism (seek pleasure, avoid pain) Art love stories, Nike, convey emotion and movement