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The Romans in Britain Jachym Fanta Times before the Romans • • • • • The Celts Not unified, divided into tribes fighting each other More natural or native civilization (X Romans - very technical civilization) Roman Invasion • 55 BC – Julius Caesar first invaded Britain – to teach the Britons a lesson - the Celts supported the Gauls • landed on the coast of Kent, demonstrated his strength and returned to Gaul (France) • 54 BC – came back with more soldiers (cavalery) • Pax romana x no conquest Roman Invasion • 43 AD – Emperor Claudius invaded Britain • this time the Romans came to stay • Celts – fierce fighting – till they were captured • Celts - friendly relations with the Romans (kept their kingdoms) Roman Invasion • 47 AD – legions in SW (Cornwall), West (Wales), North (Humber river) • Constructing a system of military roads • Londinium was founded • 60 AD – borders had been pushed further Roman Invasion • 61 AD queen Boudicca launched an uprising • almost managed to dislodge the Romans • was defeated and killed • 77 AD Agricola became an imperial governor • he succeeded in conquering the Welsh tribes • Roman conquest of Britain was complete except for Caledonia (Scotland) • he dreamt about conquering Ireland, but that never happened Roman Invasion • 122 AD – Roman Emperor Hadrian built Hadrian‘s Wall – between Roman Britain and Scotland • 6 years to build it, 117 km long, forts • it was built as a defence from the Scottish Barbarians • 142 AD – the Romans started to build Antonine’s Wall (Hadrian‘s successor Antoninus Pius) further in the north, but later abandoned Picture of hadrian’s wall Roman Invasion • Britannia = England + Wales • the Celts adapted to Roman customs • they lived in villas, spoke Latin • the tribal centres developed into Roman towns • 216 AD Britain divided into two provinces - Britannia Superior (SW) and Britannia Inferior (N) Romans Decline • around 300 AD – the attack of the barbarian hordes to the Roman Empire in central Europe • some troops withdrawn to help • attacks in the Nothern Britain from Scots, Irish and Picts • 409 AD – last Roman soldiers pulled out • Romanised Celts left alone • Gaul in the hands of barbarian rulers in the 5th century – no return of Romans to Britain The Roman Influence • Roads – straight, important for Roman army • Buildings: – timber and daub – little evidence nowadays – stone, brick and tile • Wealthy citizens: – in the city – domus – in the countryside – villas • Lower class: flats – called insulae • New animals and plants (chickens, chestnut trees) Influences • Towns: – the Forum – a market place, businesses and government offices, temples – public baths, still in the city of Bath in Sommerset – running water and sewers, aqueducts – mosaics, pipes with water, central heating under the floors in houses of rich people – the biggest – London, Colchester, St. Albans – latin word for camp – castra, chester in old English – once a Roman town (Doncaster, Dorchester, Cirencester) Influences • Language – many words are based on Latin words, our alphabet is based on Latin alphabet • The Calendar – started by Julius Caesar, names of our months taken from the names of Roman gods and rulers • Law and legal system • Literacy • Political unity Roman dominion By monty python ...and now for something completely different THE END