Download Structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the
structures of the
respiratory system
Structures of the respiratory system
Answer these questions while watching the following
video:
1)
What are bronchioles?
2)
What is the trachea?
3)
What are alveoli?
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Watch Youtube Video
Respiratory System……………….
http://youtu.be/RPdGQ-A_yM4
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Structures of the respiratory system
Upper Respiratory
System





Nose
Sinuses
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Lower Respiratory
System


Trachea
Lungs
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Structures of the
Upper Respiratory System
Nose
Nasal cavity – space behind the nose
FYI:



Vestibular region
Olfactory region
Respiratory region
Nasal septum – cartilage that divides the
nose into right and left sides
Cilia – nose hairs
Turbinates – scroll-like bones in the
respiratory region (watch video next slide)
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Watch Youtube Video
Turbinates viewed ……………….
http://youtu.be/gX7_6cJ_scU
(Nasal concha) Turbinates are bony structures
inside your nose covered by mucous
membranes. They act as radiators in your nose
by adding warm moist heat to the air that passes
as we breathe. The turbinates are very
susceptable to allergy and dust irritation.
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Structures of the
Upper Respiratory System
Sinuses - Cavities in the
skull.

Ducts connect sinuses to the
nasal cavity

Lined with mucous membrane
to warm and moisten the air

Provide resonance to the voice
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respiratory system
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Structures of the
Upper Respiratory System

Pharynx
 Throat




Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
About 5” long
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respiratory system
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Structures of the
Upper Respiratory System
Epiglottis
A flap or lid that
closes over the
opening to the
larynx when food is
swallowed
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respiratory system
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Structures of the
Upper Respiratory System
Larynx
 Voice Box



Triangular chamber below
pharynx
Within the larynx are vocal
cords, the glottis
Also called the Adam’s
Apple
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System
Trachea

Windpipe



Approximately 4 ½” long
The walls are composed of
alternate bands of membrane and
C-shaped rings of hyaline
cartilage.
Lined with ciliated mucous
membrane
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System

At the lower end of trachea,
the bronchus divide into right
and left branches.

As they enter the lungs, the
bronchus subdivide into
bronchial tubes and into
bronchioles.

At the end of the bronchioles
are alveolar ducts and clusters
of alveoli.
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Watch Youtube Video
Respiratory System……………….
http://youtu.be/o2OcGgJbiUk
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
13
Watch Youtube Video
Respiratory System……………….
http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
14
Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System

Bronchi


Bronchial tubes


Ciliated mucous membrane
and hyaline cartilage
Cartilaginous plates
Bronchioles


Thinner walls of smooth
muscle
Lined with ciliated
epithelium
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Structures of the Lower
Respiratory System
Alveoli – Where 02 & CO2
exchange…….



Composed of a single layer of
epithelial tissue
Contain surfactant …fatty
substance that keeps the alveoli
from collapsing
Each alveolus is surrounded by
capillaries
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Watch Youtube Video
Respiratory System……………….
http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System

The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity


Apex
Base
Fit snugly over diaphragm (muscle used
for breathing).
 Lung tissue is porous and spongy.


Right lung
 Larger
and shorter than the left lung
 Displaced by the liver
 3 lobes

Left lung
 Smaller
than the right side
 Displaced by the heart
 2 lobes
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Structures of the Lower
Respiratory System
Pleura




Thin, moist slippery membrane that
covers lungs…serous membrane
Double-walled sac
Space is pleural cavity – filled with
pleural fluid
One of the two membranes around the lungs.
These two membranes are called the visceral
and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura
envelops the lung, and the parietal pleura lines
the inner chest wall. There is normally a small
quantity (about 3 to 4 teaspoons) of fluid that
is spread thinly between the visceral and
parietal pleurae. The pleural fluid acts as
a lubricant between the two
membranes.
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Watch Youtube Video
Respiratory System……………….
http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Mediastinum
A septum or cavity between two
principal portions of an organ.




Contains the heart and its large
vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus,
lymph nodes, and connective tissue
Also called the interpleural space
Located between the lungs
Contains the thoracic viscera (organs)
*The space in the chest between the
pleural sacs of the lungs that
contains all the tissues and organs
of the chest except the lungs and
2.05 Remember the structures of the
pleurae.
respiratory system
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Structures of the Lower
Respiratory System
Diaphragm from the muscular
system!
The diaphragm, located below the lungs, is the
major muscle of respiration. It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts
rhythmically and continually, and most of the time, involuntarily. Upon inhalation,
the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges. This
contraction creates a vacuum, which pulls air into the lungs. Upon exhalation, the
diaphragm relaxes and returns to its domelike shape, and air is forced out of the
lungs.
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Breathing

External respirationgas exchange in the lungs
occurs between the blood and
air in the atmosphere
Exhalation

Internal respiration gas exchange at the cellular
level where oxygen goes
from the blood stream to the
cells
Inhalation
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Watch Youtube Video
Respiratory System……………….
http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Inspiration
The part of respiration that involves air being
taken into the lungs.
The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward,
sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts
and moves downward - this increases the
volume of the lungs and air rushes in.
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Expiration

Opposite action takes place (diaphragm relaxes
and pushes up causing decrease in air volume
in the lungs by helping to empty the lungs).
Exhalation
is a passive
process

2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Breathing
1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
How many times does a normal adult breath per minute?
Normal # of breaths an adult takes each minute-14-20
Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain
diseases.
Changes with age – newborn = 40-60/min
Sleep = respirations ↓
Emotion can ↑ or ↓ respiratory rate
27
Watch Youtube Video
Yawning……………….
http://youtu.be/ew_iZTPoC3c
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Respiratory Movements
Compare respiratory
movements.

Coughing


Hiccups
Sneezing

Yawning
Why do they occur?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Watch Youtube Video
Hiccups……………….
http://youtu.be/by_c7FWvUl8
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Control of Breathing

Breathing is controlled by:
Neural Factors
and
Chemical Factors
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respiratory system
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Control of breathing

Neural Factors

Respiratory center located
in an area located in the
pons and the medulla
oblongata, the lowest
portion of the brain stem

PHRENIC NERVE –
stimulates the diaphragm
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Control of breathing

Chemical
Factors

CO2 and O2 levels in
the blood is sensed by
the brain (respiratory
center in brain)

Chemoreceptor in aorta
and carotid arteries
sensitive to the amount
of blood O2
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Watch Youtube Video
Respiratory System……………….
http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Types of breathing







Apnea
Dyspnea
Eupnea
Hyperpnea
Orthopnea
Tachypnea
Hyperventilation
(not or without)
(painful or difficult)
(good)
(excessive or more than normal)
(straight)
(fast)
*1. tachypnea = "rapid ventilation" (breathing)
*2. hyperpnea = "deep ventilation-with or without increased rate"
*3. hyperventilation = increased minute volume ventilation which results in lowered carbon dioxide levels and increase
in O2
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Watch Youtube Video
Respiratory System……………….
http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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FYI: Lung capacity and volume

Tidal (TV), about 500 mL, is the amount of air inspired during
normal, relaxed breathing.

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)-
about 3,100 mL, is the additional air that can be
forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal
tidal volume.

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)-
about 1,200 mL, is the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the
expiration of a normal tidal volume.
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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FYI: Lung capacity and volume

Vital lung capacity (VC) - bout 4,800 mL, is the total
amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling (VC = TV + IRV
+ ERV = approximately 80 percent TLC). The value varies according
to age and body size.

Residual volume (RV) -about


1,200 mL, is the volume of air still
remaining in the lungs after the expiratory
reserve volume is exhaled.

Functional residual capacity (FRC) - about 2,400 mL,

is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration
(FRC = RV + ERV).
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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FYI: Lung capacity and volume

Total lung capacity is a total of:




Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve
Expiratory reserve
Residual air
Sample
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
39
Watch Youtube Video
Respiratory System……………….
https://youtu.be/VvE2rGnvFo4
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Respiratory disorders

COMMON COLD


What is it? What causes it?
Hand-washing – best
preventative measure
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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COMMON COLD





Contagious viral
respiratory infection
Indirect causes –
chilling, fatigue, lack of
proper food, and not
enough sleep
Rx – Rest, drink warm
liquids and fruit juice,
good nutrition
Also called an Upper
Respiratory Infection
(URI)
Hand washing – best
preventative measure
Watch Youtube Video
Respiratory System……………….
http://youtu.be/UWgiyQV3nYc
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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LARYNGITIS

Inflammation of larynx
or voice box

Often secondary to
other respiratory
infections

Symptoms – sore
throat, hoarseness or
loss of voice,
dysphagia (difficulty
swallowing)…treatment
= no talking!
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

SINUSITIS
Infection of mucous
membrane that lines
sinus cavities

Caused by bacteria or
virus

Symptoms – headache or
pressure, thick nasal
discharge, loss of voice
resonance
Rx – symptomatic,
surgery for chronic
sinusitis

Watch Youtube Video
Respiratory System……………….
http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Respiratory disorders

Asthma
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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ASTHMA

Inflammatory airway obstruction

Caused by allergen or psychological stress

5% of Americans have asthma

Symptoms = difficulty exhaling, dyspnea,
wheezing, tightness in chest

Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled
bronchodilator
Watch Youtube Video
Respiratory System……………….
http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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BRONCHITIS

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
trachea and bronchial tubes, producing
excessive mucous

May be acute or chronic

Acute bronchitis characterized by cough,
fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy
sound)
Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age,
cigarette smoking most common cause

Respiratory disorders

Bronchitis
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Watch Youtube Video
Respiratory System……………….
http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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REPIRATORY DISORDERS
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE
(COPD) – Describes
chronic lung conditions,
especially emphysema and
chronic bronchitis
Rx – alleviate the symptoms,
decrease exposure to
respiratory irritants,
prevent infections,
restructure activities to
prevent need for O2
EMPHYSEMA

Alveoli becomes over
dilated, lose their
elasticity.

May eventually rupture

Air becomes trapped,
can’t exhale – forced
exhalation required

Reduced exchange of
O2 and CO2
Dyspnea increases as
disease progresses

INFLUENZA (Flu)


Viral infection (VIRUS)
causing inflammation of
the mucous membrane of
lungs
Fever, mucopurulent
discharge, muscular pain,
extreme exhaustion

Complications –
pneumonia, neuritis, otitis
media and pleuresy

Rx – treat the symptoms
PNEUMONIA

Infection of the lung

Caused by bacteria or
virus.

Alveoli fill with
exudates (thick fluid)

Symptoms – chest pain,
fever, chills dyspnea

Rx – O2 and antibiotics
Respiratory disorders

Pneumothorax –
collapsed lung due to
air entering the
pleural cavity
58
Watch Youtube Video
Respiratory System……………….
http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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TUBERCULOSIS

Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has caused an
increase in US.

Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs

Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss,
night sweats

Diagnosis – TB skin test
If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and
sputum sample

Rx – antibiotic

Relevance of nutrients to
the respiratory system

The respiratory
system plays a vital
role in homeostasis
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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