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Reviewing the Biological Processes of the Brain Big Picture CNS PNS Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System Function Central Nervous System – brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System – any neurons that extend past CNS The muscles and functions you can control Regulates glands, blood vessels and flow, internal organs Prepares the body for stress; builds energy/adrenaline Helps to bring the body back to a normal state Breaking it down Medulla BRAIN FUNCTIONS Regulates breathing and heart rate – hanging a person works b/c (if done correctly) it breaks this in half Involved in sleeping, waking and dreaming The “lesser brain” coordinates balance and coordination Relays all sensory information to specific perception areas of the brain, with the exception of smell Part of the “old brain” – it controls survival elements such as hunger, thirst, emotion, sex drive and reproduction. Works in conjunction with the pituitary gland. Secretes hormones as “directed” by the hypothalamus to regulate the body during a “primal” function Instantaneously evaluates sensory information from the thalamus and determines its emotional importance – helps to decide if something needs to be addressed immediately; the “fight or flight” brain section (PART OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM) The gateway to all memory functions; also works with the reticular activating system to relate sensory input to what the brain already “knows” about it (PART OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM) Pons Cerebellum Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Amygdala Hippocampus THE LOBES Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Frontal lobe Corpus Callosum Left side of brain Right side of brain Roger Sperry NEURONS Dendrites Cell body Axon Mylein sheath Synaptic cleft Plasticity Lower back of the brain; contains the visual cortex Top of the brain; contains the somatosensory cortex, which receives all info about pressure, pain, heat, etc., from the body. Sides of the brain; involved in memory storage, perception and emotion; contains the auditory cortex as well as Wernicke’s area, which processes language comprehension. Front of the brain (duh) and contains the motor cortex, which controls over 600 muscles all over the body. Also contains Broca’s area, which allows us to know how to speak. It also helps us think creatively and think rationally; dopamine that is supposed to reach this lobe is shut off during schizophrenia, making it impossible for the victim to tell what is real and what is hallucinatory. Serves as the network between the left/right sides of the brain. Rational and analytical thought Intuitive, creative, holistic thought Most well known split-brain psychologist; worked with cats and severed their corpus callosum to see what would happen Information receptors Determines how/when a neuron is supposed to fire and emit a signal The “tail” of the neuron; sends info away from the cell body Made up of several glial cells, insulates the axon to make sure no random signals get in and no signals slip out The areas between the synaptic end bulbs and dendrites of another neuron where neurotransmitters are released and taken. The brain’s ability to recover from brain/nerve damage by possibly creating new pathways for previous messages Action potential NEUROTRANSMITTERS Serotonin Dopamine Acetycholine GABA Norepinephrine Epinephrine SEEING THE BRAIN CAT MRI PET This allows messages to flow from neuron to neuron as an electrical charge is created when positively charged sodium ions flow into a neuron and flows out as positively charged potassium charges. Affects appetite, perception, temperature regulation, pain suppression and mood – the neurotransmitter that is inhibited during DEPRESSION; increased by stimulants. Affects voluntary movement, learning, memory, emotion – the neurotransmitter that is overactive during SCHIZOPHRENIA; can be replicated by certain psychoactive drugs like THC (marijuana); also in low amounts for Parkinson’s victims Affects cognitition, muscle movement, memory and emotion An inhibitor; it is unable to reuptake into neurons when depressants such as alcohol are present in the blood system Increases heart rate, involved in dreaming, sleeping and emtion Secreted by the endocrine system; basically, it is adrenaline Computerized Axial Tomography – a cross-section shot Magnetic Resonance Imaging – picks up iron in the blood to show what parts of the brain are active Positron Emission Tomography – radioactive glucose injections show up in specific parts of the brain during activity or during abnormal behavior How do drugs affect each of the above? Reputake of Neurotransmitters – reabsorption of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft is disallowed, allowing them to go to other areas of need. Blocking Neurotransmitter receptors – This is used when amounts of neurotransmitters needs to be lowered. Mimicking Neurotransmitters – Chemicals within the drugs are so similar to neurotransmitters, they are allowed into receptor areas in the postsynaptic neuron. Examples: Alcohol – depressant; stimulates GABA receptors, leading to a reduction of anxiety and a loss of inhibitions. Marijuana – There is a specific receptor for THC (tetra-hydro-cannabinol) throughout the brain, including the hippocampus, cerebellum and limbic system. Hallucinogens – Increase the amount of dopamine in the auditory and visual cortex areas and inhibits flow to the prefrontal cortex with mescaline. With LSD (acid) and Psilocybin ('shrooms), seratonin receptors are blocked. LSD Psilocybin Mescaline Ecstasy Stimulants – Increase the production of dopamine as well as blocking its reuptake, sending it to other magical areas affecting sensation, mood, and motor skills. Amphetamines Cocaine Caffeine Nicotine Opiates – mimick the function of naturally produced endorphins in the body. It has its own receptors within the brain, and continual use can lead to a decrease in naturally produced endorphins, leading to severe withdrawal and addictions. It also causes constipation. Opium Morphine Heroin Abnormal Psychological Issues … how neurotransmitters are affected (SEE ABOVE IN THE CHART) Schizophrenia – Anxiety disorders – Mood disorders (depression and bipolar) – BACK TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM … Afferent neurons – Send information from the body to the brain. Efferent neurons – Send information from the body to the brain. Sympathetic Nervous System – Increase in physiological reactions, usually part of fight-or-flight responses. Parasympathetic Nervous System – Bringing it all back down. Conditions we’ve discussed … a potential essay question may ask you to take one of these and analyze their cause from different perspectives (biological, cognitive, etc.) Autism Alzheimer’s Anorexia Anxiety Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Aphasia Bipolar Depression Bulimia Depression Dissociative disorders (amnesia, multiple personality, fugue) Down syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Gender Identity Disorder Phobias Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Seasonal Affective Disorder Schizophrenia (esp. catatonic and paranoid) Somatoform disorders RETICULAR FORMATION (ACTIVATION) -- Deals with arousing the forebrain (deals with reasoning, sleeping, emotions)