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Lab- Muscle Fatigue
Table 1. Number of squeezes Between Dominant and Non-Dominant Hand
Number of Squeezes
Dominant Hand
41
38
39
30
37
36
31
36
34
31
Non-Dominant Hand
24
24
19
18
21
20
19
12
15
14
Time
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Conclusion:
Question 1. What happened to your strength as you progressed through each trial?
As I progressed through each trail my strength weakened. The reason for this is Muscle fatigue. In
order for our muscles to allow for movement and physical activity "Orderly Recruitment" must occur
among motor units. Muscle fibers have been subdivided into functional groups called motor unit,
which is a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. Calcium is released within the
muscle fiber from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, when muscle cells send a signal to a motor neuron
command. The Calcium ion flows where the actin and myosin is to instantiate a cellular reaction
with ATP this allows the myosin to pull on the actin. This is also known as The sliding filament
theory, which describes the process of how muscles contract. Calcium is rapidly being transported
back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum in a contuious cycle. ATP is continually being provided in the
muscle by breaking down glucose to make private, If glucose isn't avaialble then fatty acids can be
used, this keeps the Krebs cycle and the oxidative phosphorylation pathway operating. Oxygen is
also neded to keep these processies opperating inorder to produce ATP. Thus when the muscle
experiences a reduction in its ability to produce a force muscle fatigue occurs because it is not able
to produce all these functions at a fast pace.
(https://backyardbrains.com/experiments/fatigue#prettyPhoto)
Question 2. Describe how your hand and fingers felt during the end of each trial?
At the end of the trails my hand felt a discomfort, such as a burning sensation. One would accuse
lactic acid for this discomfort, but research has shown that this is not true. The real culprit for this
fatigue in the muscles is the hydrogen ions which are produced when lactic acid splits into lactate ion
(lactate) and hydrogen ion. The Hydrogen ion interferes with the electrical signals in the muscles and
nerves, which slows down the reactions of () and impairs muscle contractions. Conversely, lactic
acid plays an important role in generating energy physical endurance to help one survive. It is used to
as fuel during exercise and recovery. The process in which lactic acid is formed is called anaerobic
metabolism because it does not use oxygen. During this process, the body breaks down
carbohydrates, such as glucose, for energy. The faster these carbohydrates are broken down the faster
one receives the energy needed, this also causes the formation of lactic acid. It also proudces ATP
(adenosine triphosphate), to provide energy for chemical reaction. Thus, the greater the intensity of
the work out the greater the greater the formation of lactic acid. (http://www.delano.k12.mn.us/highschool/academic-departments/science/mr-b-wiesner/cross-country/10-things-you-should-know-aboutlactic-acid ) However, the problem with this is that this causes muscle soreness because damage has
been made to the muscle cells during the intesene physical actiivety, which cases such as
inflammation, swelling and tenderness. (http://www.wikihow.com/Reduce-Lactic-Acid-Build-up-inMuscles)
Question 3. What factors might cause you to get more squeezes (to have less fatigue)?
The burning sensation and soreness one feels after a vigorous work out is caused by lactic acid buildup in the muscle tissue. The ideal factor to delay the effects of muscle fatigue would be to decreases
the amount of lactic acid build- up produced. However, because lactic acid is needed to keep up with
energy demands this process is unavoidable. Nevertheless, there are factors that might prolong
muscle fatigue and enable one to perform more diligently while exercising. When one works out the
blood vessels in the muscle dilate and the blood flow rate increases because more oxygen is needed to
quickly convert chemical energy into glucose to mechanical energy. Normal blood pH is 7.4. during
physical a workout the pH in the blood to falls because H+ are produced during the breakdown of
glucose, thus increasing the number of H+ and causing the carbonate-carbonate acid equilibrium to
shift towards more acidic.CO2 is also produced during the breakdown of glucose and is lost through
exhalation. One method of decreasing acid build up is by neutralizing it with a base. There are
many base compounds found in the human body, such as proteins and organic acids. They are found
in small concentrations, but the most significant of these bases is carbonate.
(http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/issa77.htm) Consuming baking soda would reduce lactic acid
during a physical working out, because it would help neutralize the acidity of the blood and extend
muscular endurance. (http://www.livestrong.com/article/482173-how-to-reduce-lactic-acid-during-aworkout-what-to-eat/) Another factor that could offset the build up of lactic acid is staying hydrated.
Lactic acid is miscible with water, which allows the body to remove the lactic acid from the muscles,
delaying the affects. ( http://www.livestrong.com/article/482173-how-to-reduce-lactic-acid-during-aworkout-what-to-eat/) One could even decrease the intensity of the workout because lactic acid is
released during short, high-intensity exercises. (http://www.livestrong.com/article/482173-how-toreduce-lactic-acid-during-a-workout-what-to-eat)
Question 4 Were your results different for the dominant and the non-dominant hand? Explain why
they would be different.
Yes my results were different for the dominate and non-dominate hand. Based on Graph 1. number of
squeezes for both Dominant and Non-Dominant Hands, the results for my dominant hand (right hand)
were great than that of my non-dominant hand (left hand). This all has to do with how the human
brain works with the body. The human brain is divided into two parts, the left hemisphere and the
right hemisphere. Doing certain activities allows one hemisphere to become more active than the
other. (http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fairprojects/project_ideas/HumBio_p007.shtml#background) For example, the left side of the brain
controls the muscles on the right side of the body because sensory information from the right side
of the brain crosses over to the left side of the brain. http://www.oprah.com/relationships/6-Tipsfor-Raising-a-Left-Handed-Child/2#ixzz2wXV8fRee Since the neural connection one side of the body
is stronger than the other, it tends to to be stronger and more developed, thus making it dominant. For
this reason, most everyday activities that one does are performed by the dominant side, allowing it to
retain more training and focus. (http://www.livestrong.com/article/491912-bodybuilding-symmetrythe-dominant-arm/)
Question 5 What is the primary energy pathway for the dominant and the non-dominant hand?
To keep our body's working energy is needed. Our body's receive this energy by breaking down
carbohydrates, fats and proteins, one consumes through the food we eat, into its simplest
form(glucose, fatty acids and amino acids). Once they are broken down, these nutrients are
then transported through the blood to be used in a metabolic pathway or stored for later use.
However, because the energy cannont be used directly fromt the food we eat it must
converted into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) The primary energy pathway for this experiment is
cellular respiration, because ATP must continuously be made for organisms to function and so it must
be constantly resynthesized, which includes three energy systems, Phosphagen Anaerobic
Aerobic). However, this research will primarily focus on Anaerobic and Aerobic. Cellular
respiration begins with anaerobic glycolysis, which does not require oxygen and is followed
by aerobic pathways, Pyruvate, Kerbs cycle and Electron Transport Chain. When not enough
oxygen is available to the body, glucose begins to be broken down into a simpler component
called pyruvate, which then turns into ATP at the end of the process. This pathways is mostly
used during activities requiring large bursts of energy over somewhat longer periods of time.
Conversely, when a lot of oxygen is available, an aerobic glycolysis pathway is utilized. This
process occurs in the mitochondria of the cell. This process is done at a slower pace during
longer-duration, lower-intensity activities. All these systems contrubuite to the energy needs
of the body during physcial activity.( http://www.acefitness.org/blog/3256/the-three-primaryenergy-pathways-explained)
Question 6: Your muscles would probably recover after 10 minutes of rest to operate at the original
squeeze rate. Explain why.
After 10 minutes of rest my muscles would recover enough to operate at the original squeeze rate
because the lactic acid will leave the muscle cells through facilitated diffusion by attaching to a specific
proteins in the sarcolemma. The more lactic acid produced the slower the removal rate, because of the
overwhelming high concentration.
(http://college.holycross.edu/faculty/kprestwi/exphys/lecture/ExPhysEx2Lect_pdf/ExPhys_03_M08
_lac_remove.pdf) As the lactic acid is removed from the muscles by regular blood flow the pH of the
muscle will return to their origin. One can speed their recovery time by performing cool-down
exercises, such as walking for a good amount of time at a steady pace because the intensity of the
work has decreased, but the exercise has a longer time period. This allows for your blood circulation
rate to stay elevated, but the lactic acid is no longer being produced at the same rate as that of a
short intesense work out. http://healthyliving.azcentral.com/removing-lactic-acid-after-marathon2249.html
http://www.lactic-acid.com/lactate_and_exercise.html