Download Fact you need to know to pass the Living Environment Regents

Fact you need to know to pass the Living Environment Regents Exam
1. The ability of an organism to maintain internal stability is known as _______________________
2. _______________________ is the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of an orgqanism.
3. Organic molecules contain both _______________________ and _______________________.
4. smallest
Cell  _______________________--> _______________________--> _______________________--> organism
5. Organelle –strucutre within a cerll that carries out a _______________________ function.
Vacuoles –
Ribosomes –
Mitochondria –
Chloroplasts –
Nucleus –
Cytoplasm –
6. Name 3 functions of the cell membrane:
1.
2.
3.
7. _______________________ -movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
8. Active Transport –moving a molecule from ________concentration to a _______________concentration –uses the
energy in the form of _______________________
9. _______________________ breaking large molecules down into smaller molecules
Proteins are broken down into _______________________ _______________________
Starches are broken down into _______________________ _______________________
Disaccharrides are broken down to _______________________ Ex. Glucose
10. Chemicals produced in the endocrine glands _______________________ and chemicals produced by nerve cells are
primarily responsible for communication between cells.
11. _______________________ uses oxygen to break down food molecules to release energy.
12. _______________________ involves the movement of material inside the cell as well as the movement between
parts of a multicellular organism.
13. _______________________ the removal of all waste produced by the cells of the body.
14. _______________________ and _______________________ control the coordination of many of the body’s
activites.
15. Failure to maintain homeostasis can result in _______________________ or _______________________.
16. Photosynthesis –storing energy (write out the equation)
________ + __________ ------------------------- ____________ + __________________+ ______________
What organelle is photosynthesis carried out in? _______________________
17. Respiration –releasing energy (write out the equation)
_____________ + __________ ------------------------- ____________ + __________________+ ______________
18. _______________________ special proteins that affect the rate of chemical reactions.
19. _______________________ any substance that affect the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed
or used up during the reaction.
20. Enzyme reaction rates are affected by (Sketch the graphs)
Shape
Temperature
pH
21. Dynamic Equilibrium = _s__________state = _H______________________
22. Positive Feedback – a change prompts a response to a greater change and a greater response
Ex. Women giving birth
23. Negative Feedback –more common Ex. Heating system in a house
Ex. Regulating human temperature –cold –start shriving –raises temperature –stop shivering
24. When glucose levels are above normal the pancreas secrete _______________________. This hormone prompts
glucose to move from the blood into body cells, resulting in a lower glucose level in the blood. Another hormone called
__Glu_____________ hormone secreted by the pancreas works in the opposite way. When the glucose level in the
blood is too low, this hormone prompts the release of glucose stored in the _______________________.
25. _______________________ is any condition that prevents the body from working as it should.
26. _______________________ certain genetic mutations in a cell can result in uncontrolled cell division.
27. _______________________ system is the body’s primary defense against disease –causing pathogens.
28. _______________________ - a molecule found on the outer surfaces if cells that the immune system recognizes as
either part of the body or an outside invader.
29. _______________________ proteins that either attack the invaders or mark them for killing.
30. _______________________ are made using weakened, killed or parts of pathogens. Produces antibodies
31. _______________________ is the passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through
reproduction.
32. The heredity information __________ is organized in the form of genes located in the _______________________ of
each cell.
33. Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction.
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
34. Identical gene copies are known as _______________________.
35. DNA is made of sugar, a phosphate and a base. Basic building block of DNA is called a _nuc____________________.
36. Bases are A, T, G, C..
A IS PAIRED WITH ____
G IS PAIRED WITH ____
37. DNA _____________________ determines the sequence of the amino acids.
38. Any alteration of the DNA sequence is a _____________________ which changes the normal message carried by the
gene.
Substitution –
Deletion –
Addition –
Inversion –
39. A human has _g__________ that are coded bases
Smallest
Largest
N ucleotide  _____________________  _____________________  Nucleus
40. An organism’s environment can affect the way that some genes are expressed.
Ex. Gene expression – Himalayan _____________________
41. _____________________ _____________________ is a technology that human suse to alter the genetic instruction
in organisms.
42. Biotechnology is the use of _________organisms for human use. Ex. Cheese and Bread
43. _____________________ _____________________ is a process that produces domestic animals and new varieties
of plants with traits that are desirable.
44. Gene Splicing –
Ex. moving a human insulin-producing gene into a bacterial cell, the bacterium, and all of its offspring –will produce
human insulin. This provides a way to produce large quantities of a hormone at low costs.
45. _____________________ is a group of closely related organisms that share certain characterisitics and can produce
new individuals through reproduction.
46. Difference between mitosis and meiosis
Mitotic division
Meiotic division
Asexual _____________________
Sexual _____________________
______ cell divisions
______ cell divisions
# of functioning cells __________
Male ______________ and female _____________
Genetic makeup
Genetic makeup
Function
Function
47. Gametes unite to form a _____________________.
48. If the gametes each have 23 chromosomes, then what does their zygote have? _____________________
49. _____________________ -the process that transforms developing cells into specialized cells with different
structures and functions.
50. females –ovaries, hormones p_____________________, e_____________________, uterus, placenta and egg
51. males hormone : t_____________________, and sex cell = s_____________________
52. Reproductive technology
Artificial insemination –
hormone therapy –
ultrasound –
In vitro fertilization
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53. _____________________ -the process by which organisms have changed from one form to another over time from
simple celled, to complex single celled to complex multicellular organisms.
54. Geologic time is based on the _____________________ history.
55. Natural Selection –
56. Oversproduction –
57. Struggle for survival –
58. Variation –
59. Any trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions is said to have
__a___________________ _v____________________
60. The failure to adapt to a changing environment may result in the _____________________ of a species.
61. _____________________ is the disappearance of an entire species.
62. Extinction occurs when the _____________________ changes.
63. _____________________ - is the study of how organisms interact with the living and nonliving environmnent
64. b_____________________ factors Ex. p_____________________ (flora ) and a_____________________ (fauna)
65. Abiotic factors –
66. A species home = _______________________
67. _______________________ -all organisms of a species that live in the same area
68. _______________________ all the different populations in an area
69. _______________________ all of earth’s ecosystems –the living part of the earth
70. _______________________ is the struggle for resources among organisms
71. Factors in the environment that limit the size of populations are known as _______________________
_______________________
72. The number of organisms of any species that an ecosystem can support is referred to as its
_______________________ _______________________
73. _______________________ kill and eat other organisms and _______________________ are killed for food
74. _______________________ the role that each species plays in an ecosystem. What they eat and where they live.
75. autotroph –
76. heterotroph 77.
herbivores –
carnivoreomnivores
consumers
decomposers
scavengers
parasites
78. Difference between a food chain and a food web.
79. What is the main source of energy on the earth?
80. On an energy pyramid where is the most amount of energy located?
81. Recycling and reusing materials
name the 3 cycles:
1.
2.
3.
82. _______________________ is a measurement of the degree to which species vary within an ecosystem.
83. As biodiversity increases, _______________________ of an ecosystem increases.
84. Lis four ways humans have affected biodiversity in some areas.
85. ecological sucession –
86. resources
a. renewable
b. nonrenewable
87. Preserving our resources:
a. reduce
b. reuse
c. recycle
88. _______________________ - a harmful change in the chemical makeup of the air, water or soil.
89. Natural processes in Ecosystems
a. maintaining atmospheric quality
b. soil formation
c. water cycle
d. carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle
e. Flow of energy – energy is PASSED through the environment, but it does NOT get
_______________________ it is lost.
90. Human activities and the loss of diversity
a. direct harvesting
b. land use
c. habitat destruction
d. deforestation
e. imported species (invasive species or exotic species)
91. Impact of technology and industrialization
a. industrialization –increases pollution of air and water uses more energy water and fossil and nuclear fuels
b. Water pollution -from sewage, wastes from homes an dfactories and animal wastes
c. Toxic wastes –DDT
d. Thermal pollution
e. Air pollution –burning of fossil fuels
i. acid rain
ii. smog
f.
global warming
g. ozone depletion
Experimentation
100. _______________________ variable is the one thing that “I change” to test my hypothesis
101. The effect of _______________________ on _______________________.
102. _______________________ variable is the thing that is measured
103. _______________________ group is studied under normal conditions for comparisons