Download Nutrients

Macromolecules and Vitamins
 Are
substances required by the body for
energy, growth, repair and maintenance.
 All foods contain at least one of the six basic
nutrients:
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Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
 Some
nutrients provide energy for powering
cellular processes
 Energy available from foods is measured in
kilocalories or Calories.
 1 kilocalorie = 1 Calorie = 1000 calories
 A calorie is the amount of heat energy
required to raise 1g of water 1 °C
 The greater the number of calories in a
quantity of food, the more energy the food
contains
 The
three nutrients needed by the body in
the greatest amounts are carbohydrates,
proteins and lipids.
 All are organic compounds (containing carbon
hydrogen and oxygen)
 Carbohydrates are broken down by the body
to provide most of the body’s energy.
 Even
though proteins and lipids provide
energy, the body most easily uses energy
provided by carbohydrates.
 Carbohydrates contain sugars that are
quickly converted to ATP
 ATP is the cell’s most usable energy.
 Glucose
and fructose are monosaccharides
 Can be absorbed directly into the blood
stream
 Sucrose, maltose and lactose are
disaccharides
 Disaccharides have to go through hydrolysis
before they can be used for energy.
 Polysaccharides
are
complex molecules
consisting of many monosaccharides bonded
together.
 Starch, found in many grains and vegetables,
are polysaccharides
 In digestion, Enzymes hydrolyze these long
chains of glucose molecules.
 The body cannot break down cellulose found
in fruits and vegetables.
 Provides fiber
 Proteins
make up the major structure and
functional material of all cells
 Proteins are long chains of amino acids.
 Proteins from food must be broken down to
amino acids
 The Human body uses 20 different amino
acids to grow, form muscle and repair tissue.
 The
human body cannot
make all 20 amino acids
 8-10 amino acids called
essential amino acids have to
be obtained from the food
we eat.
 Vegetables, beans, nuts,
poultry, fish , beef, eggs
contain the amino acids we
need.
 Vitamins,
minerals and water do not provide
energy.
 Required for proper body function
 Vitamins help enzymes do their function.
They are called coenzymes.
Vitamin
Source
Essential For
Deficiency
diseases
Vitamin A
Fish, yellow &
green
vegetables,
tomatoes
Growth, eyes,
skin
Night
blindness,
retarded
growth
Vitamin B1
Meat, beans,
milk, whole
grains
Growth,
function of
heart ,nerves,
muscles
Nerve disorders
Vitamin B 12
Fish, beef,
pork, cheese
Red blood cell
formation,
nervous system
anemia
Vitamin C
Citrus friut,
leafy veggies,
tomatoes
Growth, teeth,
gums
Scurvy, sore
gums, bruise
easily
Vitamins
Sources
Essential for
Deficiency
diseases
Vitamin D
Fish – liver oil,
fortified milk
and eggs,
sunlight
Growth,
calcium
metabolism,
bones, teeth
Rickets, soft
bones, dental
decay
Vitamin E
Leafy
vegetables,
milk, butter
Normal
reproduction,
skin
Anemia in
newborns
Vitamin K
Green
vegetables
Normal clotting hemorrhaging
of blood, liver
functions
 Minerals
are naturally occurring inorganic
substances
 used to
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Make body structures
Carry out nerve functions
Carry out muscle functions
Minerals
Source
Essential for
Calcium (Ca)
Milk, whole grains,
vegetables
Bones, teeth, heart,
nerves
Iodine (I)
Seafoods, iodized
salt
Thyroid hormone
production
Iron (Fe)
Leafy veggies,
raisins, meats
Red blood cells
Magnesium (Mg)
Vegetables
Muscle and nerve
action
Phosphorus (P)
Milk, whole grains,
vegetables
Bones, teeth, nucleic
acids, ATP
Potassium (K)
Bananas, apricots,
vegetables
Growth, acid-base
balance, nerve
action
Sodium (Na)
Salt, vegetables
Blood muscle nerve
action
 Accounts
for over half of your body weight
 Makes up 90% of blood
 Carries essential nutrients to all parts of your
body
 Also dilutes waste products and carries them
away from tissues in the body
 Regulates
body temperature
 Perspiration is mostly water
 Cells of your body cannot function without
water.
 Dehydration – excess water loss