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The Cardiovascular System: The Anatomy of the Heart 13 Heart Anatomy Size: Approximately the size of your fist Location / Orientation Lies upon the superior surface of diaphragm Left of the midline / Apex pointed towards left hip Mediastinum Heart Anatomy Membranes of the Heart: Anatomy Pericardium – a double-walled sac around the heart composed of: 1. A superficial fibrous pericardium 2. A deep two-layer serous pericardium a. The parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium b. The visceral layer or epicardium lines the surface of the heart They are separated by the fluid-filled pericardial cavity Pericardial Layers of the Heart Coverings of the Heart: Physiology The Function of the Pericardium: Protects and anchors the heart Prevents overfilling of the heart with blood Allows for the heart to work in a relatively frictionfree environment Heart Wall Myocardium – cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart wall Fibrous skeleton of the heart – crisscrossing, interlacing layer of reticular connective tissue Endocardium – simple squamus epithelial inner lining of the heart chambers External Heart: Major Vessels of the Heart Veins returning blood to the atria heart include: 1. Into the left atrium??? 2. Into the right atrium??? Arteries carrying blood away from the ventricles of the heart include: 1. Exiting the left ventricle (to Body)??? 2. Exiting the right ventricle (to Lungs)??? External Heart: Anterior View External Heart: Posterior View Myocardial Thickness and Function Thickness of myocardium varies according to the function of the chamber Atria are thin walled, deliver blood to adjacent ventricles Ventricle walls are much thicker and stronger right ventricle supplies blood to the lungs left ventricle wall is the thickest to supply systemic circulation Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs Right atrium _______ Right ventricle Pulmonary SL valve _______ Pulmonary arteries Lungs _______ _______ Bicuspid valve Left ventricle _______ Aorta Body _______ Back to the Right Atrium Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs Fetal Structure of the Heart Fetal heart structures that bypass pulmonary circulation Connects the two atria??? Connects pulmonary trunk and the aorta??? Heart Valves: Atrioventricular Heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart Atrioventricular (AV) valves lie between the atria and the ventricles (Bicuspid and Tricuspid Valve) AV valves prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract Chordae tendineae anchor AV valves to papillary muscles of the ventricles Atrioventricular Valve Function Heart Valves: Semilunar Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles Aortic semilunar valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta Pulmonary semilunar valve lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk Semilunar Valve Function Mitral Valve Prolapse The Cardiovascular System: The Physiology of the Heart Chapter 13, Cardiovascular System 13 Heart Physiology: Sequence of Excitation Intrinsic Conducting System Series of structures in the heart that generates and relays the nerve impulse that triggers a heartbeat. 1. Sinoatrial (SA) node generates impulses about 75 times/minute (every .8 of a second) 2. Atrioventricular (AV) node delays the impulse approximately 0.1 second Heart Physiology: Sequence of Excitation 3. Impulse passes from atria to ventricles via the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) 4. AV bundle splits into two pathways in the interventricular septum, these Bundle branches carry the impulse toward the apex of the heart 5. Purkinje fibers carry the impulse from the heart apex up the outer ventricular walls Heart Physiology: Sequence of Excitation Heart Excitation Related to ECG Electrocardiography Electrical activity is recorded by electrocardiogram (ECG) P wave corresponds to depolarization of SA node QRS complex corresponds to ventricular depolarization T wave corresponds to ventricular repolarization Atrial repolarization record is masked by the larger QRS complex Electrocardiography Extrinsic Conduction of the Heart Medulla Oblongata contains centers Heart is stimulated by the sympathetic cardioacceleratory center Heart is inhibited by the parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center 27 Cardiac Cycle Cardiac cycle refers to all events associated with blood flow through the heart Systole – contraction phase of heart muscle Diastole – relaxation phase of heart muscle Phases of the Cardiac Cycle Ventricular filling – mid-to-late diastole Heart is completely at rest Heart blood pressure is low as blood enters atria and passively flows into ventricles AV valves are open, SL valves are closed then atrial systole occurs Phases of the Cardiac Cycle Ventricular systole (contraction) Atria relax Rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves (LUBB) Isovolumetric contraction phase Ventricular ejection phase opens semilunar valves Phases of the Cardiac Cycle Isovolumetric relaxation – early diastole Ventricles relax causing decrease in ventricular pressure Backflow of blood in aorta and pulmonary trunk closes semilunar valves (DUPP) Dicrotic notch – brief rise in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off semilunar valves Phases of the Cardiac Cycle Ventricular volume on average is 120 to 130 mL … Stroke volume on average is 70 to 80 mL. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. CO = SV x HR Figure 18.20