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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (TEST 2)
STUDY GUIDE
1) Define what an Attribution is.
2) Explain the purpose of attributions according to Heider’s Attribution Theory.
3) When are we most likely to make attributions?
4) Be able to describe the keys points in the following Attributional Theories/Models: Jones’ Correspondent
Inference Theory, Bem’s Self-Perception Theory, and Kelley’s Cube Model
5) Define and explain intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation and overjustification.
6) Provide examples of the Self-Serving Attribution Bias. Where does personal credit and failure go according
to this bias? What purposes does this bias serve for ourself?
7) What are observer biases?
8) Define and explain the Fundamental Attribution Error. How does perceptual salience tie-in?
9) What is Overattribution?
10) Explain the Ultimate Attibution Error.
11) What is a Defensive Attribution? Why do we make defensive attributions?
12) What is the Just World Hypothesis (or Belief in a Just World)?
13) What are stereotypes? How do they relate to prejudice?
14) How do Actor/Observer Differences occur? How might this lead to attributional conflict?
15) Be able to describe the research related to Uncontrollable Outcomes in regard to attributions.
16) Define Learned Helplessness. Explain Seligman’s classic study on learned helplessness.
17) How does Master Orientation differ from learned helplessness?
18) Be able to discuss the relationship between Type A personalities, heatlth, and attributions.
19) Explain how attributional retraining works.
20) Define an illusory correlation.
21) What is Misattribution?
22) What does Singer & Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion relate to attributions?
23) Define what an Attitude is. How do the ABC’s of psychology relate to attitudes?
24) What is the subtle difference between an attitude and a prejudice? Define discrimination.
25) Describe the various ways that researchers try to measure attitudes. What are some advantages and
disadvantages of each style?
26) Illustrate how a Social Distance Scale works. What is a Likert Scale?
27) What is “modern racism”? What is “institutionalized” racism?
28) What is the difference between the Central and Peripheral routes to persuasion?
29) How can physiological arousal instruments be used to measure attitudes?
30) What are pupillometrics? How reliable is the polygraph? What is the “Bogus Pipeline Effect”?
31) Desribe Sherif’s classic study at Robber’s Cave (scout camp) (pg. 384-385, 388).
32) How does advertising work in regard to attitudes? How effective is subliminal advertising?
33) Describe the classic study on counterattitudinal behavior by LaPiere in the early 1930s. What were some
methodological flaws?
34) What factors help to influence the relationship between attitudes and behaviors?
35) Explain the mere exposure effect on attitudes.
36) How can classical and operant conditioning lead to the development of attitudes?
37) What is Socialization and what forms can it take in the teaching of attitudes (e.g., direct instruction)?
38) Which social group has the biggest impact on attitude formation in children? adolescents? adults?
39) Be able to explain Realistic Group Conflict Theory.
40) Provide examples of Social Categorization (e.g., in-group/out-group bias).
41) Define Stereotyping.
42) What is the Contact Hypothesis? What factors must be present for it to work?
43) What are Source variables when conveying a message? Explain the importance of credibility, similarity, and
attractiveness.
44) Provide an example of the Sleeper Effect.
45) Describe some important considerations in the actual Message itself (e.g., rate of speech).
46) What is psychological reactance?
47) How successful are fear tactics in changing attitudes?
48) What are some important Receiver variables in how an audience will respond to a message?
49) What is Coercive Persuasion? What are the 3 steps involved?
50) How does Inoculation Theory work in protecting attitudes from persuasion?
51) Describe the “jigsaw” classroom.
52) Define Cognitive Dissonance. How does the concept work?
53) Explain Festinger and Carlsmith’s classic cognitive dissonance study.
54) Explain the term “spreading of alternatives” or postdecision dissonance.
55) How does Bem’s self-perception theory differ from Festinger’s in regard to cognitive dissonance?
56) Describe the “Ben Franklin” effect.
57) Compare and contrast self-affirmation theory, impact bias, justification of effort, insufficient punishment, and
self-persuasion as means to rationalize our behavior and decisions.
NOTE:
Bold-faced words are especially important concepts to know