Download CLAUSES NOTES I. Clauses A. a group of words B. has a subject

CLAUSES NOTES
I. Clauses
A. a group of words
B. has a subject & predicate
C. used as part of a sentence
II. Main Clause
A. has a subject & predicate
B. able to stand ALONE as a complete sentence
C. every sentence has at least ONE main clause
D. some have more than one
E. examples:
1. The boat sank, but the crew escaped.
Subject Verb
Subject
Verb
2. My cat caught a bird, and he ate it.
Subject Verb
Subject Verb
III. Subordinate Clauses
A. AKA dependent clauses
B. has a subject & predicate
C. CANNOT stand alone; must be attached to a main
clause
D. examples:
Subject Verb Subject Verb
1. When the rain fell, we headed for cover.
Subordinate Clause
Main Clause
Subject Subject Verb Phrase
2. The car that was involved in the wreck
Main Clause
was gone.
Verb Phrase
Subordinate Clause
IV. Simple & Compound Sentences
A. simple sentence = one main clause & no subordinate
clauses
1. contains one subject & one verb
2. may contain various modifiers & phrases
3. example: My very active child is training for a
marathon.
B. compound sentences = two or more main clauses & no
subordinate clauses
1. most compound sentences are joined by a comma
& coordinating conjunction
Main Clause
2. example: The very scared cat climbed up the
tree, and he got stuck.
Main Clause
COMPLEX & COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
NOTES
I. Complex Sentences
A. contains one main clause plus one or more
subordinate clause
B. examples:
1. When my sister is mad, she stomps around the
subordinate clause
main clause
house.
2. We had to go to the grocery store, because we
main clause
subordinate clause
were out of milk and bread.
II. Compound-Complex Sentences
A. contains more than one main clause & at least one
subordinate clause
B. examples:
1. The boys practice every night, and they have
main clause
main clause
games on Saturdays that they have to travel to.
Subordinate clause
2. When we travel to away-games, we take a school
subordinate clause
van, and we stop for dinner.
Main clause
main clause
OTHER CLAUSES
I. Adjective Clauses
A. a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun
B. examples:
1. The boy who cried wolf was eventually eaten by the
wolf.
2. The store, which is owned by John Smith, will be closed
tomorrow.
C. sometimes they are essential to the meaning of the sentence
1. called an essential clause or restrictive clause
2. example: One of the things that my mother loved was
to knit.
D. sometimes they are not essential to the meaning of the
sentence
1. called nonessential clauses or nonrestrictive clauses
2. nonessential clauses must be set off with commas
3. example: My neighbor, who is eighty-five years old,
has a vegetable garden.
E. miscellaneous information
1. use “THAT” for essential clauses
2. use “WHICH” for nonessential clauses
3. most adjective clauses start with relative pronouns
WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT, WHICH
II. Adverb Clauses
A. a subordinate clause
B. modifies verbs, an adjective, or an adverb
C. tells when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under what
conditions
D. examples:
1. Whenever spring arrives, the wind blows. (adverb clause
modifies blows)
2. The GPS tells us wherever we need to go. (adverb clause
modifies tells)
3. The students are working harder than they need to.
(adverb clause modifies harder)
E. a list of subordinating conjunctions is on page 477
F. use a comma when the subordinating clause comes at the
beginning of the sentence
III. Noun Clauses
A. a subordinate clause that is used as a noun
B. can be used as:
1. subject
2. direct or indirect object
3. object of a preposition
4. predicate nominative
5. object complement
C. examples:
1. What I don’t like is going to bed late. (subject)
2. That man is why I won’t shop there. (predicate
nominative)
3. We ate whatever was prepared for dinner. (direct object)
4. We will bring enough for whoever shows up. (object of
preposition)
5. Bobby stated the problems that we would encounter.
(object complement)