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Comparative/Superlative Comparative: Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between two nouns . [er] My house is larger than hers. Your dog runs faster than Jim's dog. The rock flew higher than the roof. Superlative: : Superlative adjectives are used to compare a group of nouns. My house is the largest one in our neighborhood. This is the smallest box I've ever seen. Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race. Verb Moods Indicative: A statement, a fact, or an opinion. I screamed loudly at the concert. Imperative: A command Scream your favorite song as loud as you can. Interrogative: Asks a question. Did you scream at the concert? Subjuntive:Contrary to reality;a wish or hypothetical; probably not going to happen If I were to scream my loudest, I could severely injure my vocal cords. Conditional: Depends on something else to happen; could possibly happen If you scream the loudest, you will be on TV. aboard about above according to across after against along amid among around aside from as of at before behind below beneath beside between Prepositions but by down during except for from in in addition to inside in spite of instead of into like near next to of off on on account of out out of over past since through throughout to toward under underneath until unto up upon with without Ellipsis-use ONLY three periods to express the idea is to be continued or when information is omitted. Slowly she reached for the door handle afraid she would see… Dashes-indicates an abrupt break in thought; used between words to affect style or mood. I was thinking of my mother--who is arriving tomorrow--just as you walked in. Hoover Preparotory School for Girls has a number of profoundly stupid traditions—such as the singing-the-alma-mater-song-every-Thursday-atlunch-tradtion. Colon-use before a list of items after the expression as follows or the following. Minimum equipment for camping is as follows: a sleeping bag, food, clothing, sturdy shoes, a pocketknife, and a rope. Colon in conventional situations: between the hour and minute 2:45 between chapter and verse in Biblical references Galatians 5:22 after the salutation of a business letter Dear Sir or Madam: B Commonly Confused Words affect-to influence effect-the result of an action accept-to receive with consent except-to leave out from a group among-involves more than two between-only two involved can-refers to ability may-permission capitol-building; statehouse capital-a city; seat of government leave-to go away from let-to give opportunity lie-always has object lay-to recline teach-to instruct learn-to gain knowledge principal-the head of a school principle-a rule of conduct rise-to get up raise-to lift or grow to-infinitive or preposition too-also two-number they’re-contraction of they are there-place their-possessive form of they its-possessive form of it it’s-contraction of it is sit-to place yourself in a seated position set-to place an object stationary-in a fixed position stationery-writing paper where-at, in, or to what place were-past tense of the verb be which-refers to things only that-refers to people or things whom-objects of sentences or clauses who-used as a subject He is the one whom I love. Who is sitting on my foot? With whom did you go out last night? All right, who ate the dog food? Punctuating Titles Underline if handwriting, italicize if typing whole works such as: books ships works of art plays trains television series periodicals aircraft movies/films works of art spacecraft musical albums/compositions Quotation marks “ “ for pieces of works such as: short stories poems songs chapters and other parts of books essays and articles episodes of television series Subordinating Conjunctions – introduce an adverb clause after as soon as in order that unless whether although as though since until while as because so that when as if how than whenever as long as if though where When winter sets in, many animals hibernate. Because you cleaned your room, we will get ice cream. Although she ran well, she did not win the race. Relative Pronouns- introduce an adjective clause that which who whom whose Leonardo da Vinci was the artist who painted the Mona Lisa. A black hole, which results after a star has collapsed, can trap energy. Is this shirt the one that is on sale? Verbals Participle-a verb form that can be used as an adjective. The crying woman left the movie theater. The police officers searched the abandoned warehouse. While sleeping with the TV on, the tormented child dreamt of monsters. Do not confuse a participle with a verb phrase. (P)Planning their trip, the class learned how to read a map. (VP)While they were planning their trip, the class learned how to read a map. Gerund-verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun Running is great exercise. My son loves playing with his toy dinosaur. Most people enjoy eating. Infinitive-to + a verb that can be used as a noun, adjective, or an adverb. To install the ceiling fan took two hours. (noun) The best time to visit Florida is in December. (adjective) The camel knelt at the pool to drink. (adverb) A Noun-person, place, thing, idea Pronoun-a word used in place of one or more nouns I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours, you, your, yours, he, him, his, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs, myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves Adjective-a word used to modify a noun or pronoun What kind? Which one? How much? How many? Conjunction-a word used to join words or group of words for and nor but or yet so Parts of Speech Verb-a word used to express action or state of being Adverb-a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb Where? When? How? To what extent? Preposition-a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word (see list of prepositions) Interjection-a word used to express emotion Oh! You surprised me. Aha, you’ve discovered the secret. Direct Object – a noun, pronoun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of the verb. Our history built a model of the Alamo. Has the freeze destroyed some of the crops? Mr. Clark planted tulips and daffodils. Mrs. Wagner greets whoever comes into her class. (A direct object will not be in a prepositional phrase.) Simple Sentence-contains one independent clause and no dependent clause. Ernesto has volunteered to organize the recycling campaign. Compound Sentence-contains two or more independent clauses and no dependent clauses. Alberto led for half the distance, and then Jared took the lead. Complex Sentence-contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. After we finish our report on the history of computers, we may go to the basketball game. The detective show appeared on television for several weeks before it became popular with viewers. Compound-Complex-contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. When Bill left, he locked the door, but he forgot to turn off the lights. Before we conducted the experiment, we asked for permission to use the science lab, but the principal insisted on teacher supervision of our work. Comma Rules Items in a series-Use commas to separate items in a series. Always stop, look, and listen before crossing railroad tracks. At the market, purchase egg, milk, and bread. Compound Sentences-use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). [FANBOYS] Cocker spaniels make good pets, but they require a lot of grooming. Introductory words or phrasesWell, I think we should ask for help. When the bus arrives, we’ll drive to the Grand Canyon. After you wash the dishes, I’ll dry them and put them away. InterruptersMy best friend, Nancy, is studying ballet. Direct addressMrs. Clarkson, this letter is addressed to you. Parenthetical expressionsSidney, I think, volunteers at the senior center. Conventional situationsThursday, February 14, 2013 Dear Aunt Margaret, JSMS’s address is 1200 Wateree Street, Kingsport, TN 37660 Participial phrasesThis small turtle, crossing the street slowly, was in danger. The coach, signaling the referee for a time-out, gathered her team for a pep talk. Clause-a group of words that has both a verb and its subject. Independent Clause-expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a complete sentence. Dependent Clause-does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence. Phrase-a group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and that DOES NOT contain both a verb and its subject. Prepositional Phrase-the preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers The car in front of us slid into an icy snow bank. During the stormy night, the black horse ran off. Adverb Phrase-a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. The snow fell throughout the day. Are you good at soccer? For a beginner, Elaine speaks French well. Adjective Phrase-a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun. Sicily is an island off the coast of Italy. The glass of juice on the counter is for Emma. Participle Phrase- consists of a participle and any modifiers or complements the participle has. (The entire phrase is used as an adjective.) Seeing itself in the mirror, the duck seemed quite bewildered. After a while, we heard the duck quacking noisily at its own image. after all at any rate by the way for example for instance Parenthetical Expressions generally speaking of course nevertheless on the contrary on the other hand therefore in my opinion however I believe (hope, suppose, think) Apostrophes Possessive- use apostrophe and an s to show ownership. a dog’s collar Willis’s typewriter Sandra’s boat Plural Possessive- nouns ending in s add only the apostrophe actors’ scripts doctors’ opinions customers’ complaints Plural noun that does not end in s – add apostrophe and s Women’s suits geese’s noise children’s books Do not confuse contractions with possessive pronouns. Contractions Possessive Pronouns He said it’s snowing. [it is] Its front tire is flat. It’s been a long time. [It has] Who’s next in line? [Who is] Whose idea was it? Who’s swept? [Who has] You’re writing an essay. [You are] Your writing has improved. They’re not here. [They are] Their dog is barking. There’s a trophy for first place. [There is] This trophy is theirs. Created by Rachael Wagner in 2014 [email protected] - Revised 2016