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Module 2
Chapters 4 – 7
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.(2 pts each)
1.
Depth
a.
b.
c.
d.
perception
enables one to see three-dimensional space.
allows you to accurately judge distances.
is partly learned and partly innate.
characterized by all of these.
2.
A decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus is known as
a.
habituation.
b.
dishabituation.
c.
perserveration.
d.
a perceptual set.
3.
Psychologists consider marked changes in the quality and patterns of mental activity as
a.
unconsciousness.
b.
sensory depletion.
c.
altered states of consciousness.
d.
waking consciousness.
4.
People who take drugs intravenously are at high risk for
a.
addiction.
b.
Gonorrhea
c.
Herpes
d.
Hepatitus.
5.
A(n) ____________ is any event that increases the probability that a response will occur again.
a.
antecedent
b.
behavioral incentive
c.
conditioned stimuli
d.
reinforcement
6.
Events that precede a response are called ____________, while events that follow a response are
called _________.
a.
antecedents; consequences
b.
consequences; antecedents
c.
rewards; punishers
d.
primary events; secondary events
7.
The phone in your room rings; you pick it up and immediately recognize the voice of your
psychology teacher. What process is involved in this recognition?
a.
sensation
b.
perception
c.
adaptation
d.
transduction
8.
Which sense responds to the energy caused by movement of air molecules?
a.
smell
b.
taste
c.
touch
d.
hearing
9.
Mike is trying to find his car keys in a dark closet. Why are his rods more useful in the dark than
his cones?
a.
Rods need less light to be activated.
b.
Rods have a direct route to the bipolar cells.
c.
He is color blind and therefore has trouble seeing in the dark.
d.
His keys are on a green key chain and cones can't detect color.
10.
How would you characterize the relationship between odor and taste?
a.
There is no relationship between the two senses.
b.
Both of them are useless without a sense of sight.
c.
Your ability to smell enhances your ability to taste.
d.
As your sense of smell increases, it tends to override your ability to taste.
11.
What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and
thoughts?
a.
thinking
b.
cognition
c.
conscience
d.
consciousness
12.
REM sleep refers to
a.
dreamless sleep.
b.
sleep induced by sleeping pills.
c.
sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely.
d.
sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly.
13.
Which of the following is classified as a depressant?
a.
cocaine
b.
alcohol
c.
marijuana
d.
amphetamines
14.
The two types of factual memory include:
a.
semantic and episodic
b.
anterograde and retrograde
c.
Short-term and long-term
d.
past and present
15.
Remembering where you where and what you were doing on the second Tuesday of September,
2001, only after being told it was September 11th, is an example of
a.
State-dependent learning
b.
Cue-dependent learning
c.
Regression
d.
Post-traumatic stress
16.
When new learning disrupts the ability to recall past, stored information, ________________ has
been said to occur.
a.
proactive interference
b.
disinhibition
c.
retrograde amnesia
d.
retroactive interference
17.
The inability to recall events preceding an accident involving head injuries is called
a.
retrograde amnesia.
b.
prograde amnesia.
c.
anterograde amnesia.
d.
cognitive blockage.
18.
When a person periodically stops breathing during sleep or has interrupted breathing during sleep,
we say they have
a.
REM rebound activity.
b.
sleep apnea.
c.
narcolepsy.
d.
a mad spouse.
19.
What branch of psychology examines processes such as thinking?
a.
mentalism
b.
behavioral psychology
c.
cognitive psychology
d.
contemplative psychology
20.
Which term describes a relatively permanent change in behavior or the potential to make a
response that occurs as a result of experience?
a.
learning
b.
cognition
c.
maturation
d.
perception
Identify with a T or F, whether each of the following statements are True or False (2 pts
each).
21.Paradoxical sleep is the term sleep researchers use to designate Stages 1 to 4 of sleep.
22.An engram is a small unit of measurement used in the determination of memory consolidation and
recognition.
23.Repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (US) leads to
generalization.
24.Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has
experienced taste-aversion learning.
25.Joe and Cara are agents for a company that owns apartment buildings. Joe gets a commission each time he
rents three apartments. Cara receives a salary each week regardless of the number of apartments
she rents. Joe is on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement, whereas Cara is on a fixed interval
schedule of reinforcement.
Short Answer (5 pts each)
1. Define the terms sensation and perception, and give an example of how they are
different and how they are related.
2. Identify the 5 senses along with the external energies which each detect.
3. Differentiate between an illusion and a hallucination. Give an example of each.
4. Define consciousness and explain what waking consciousness is. Finally, define and
describe an altered state of consciousness.
5. Define insomnia. Describe the effects of nonprescription and prescription drugs on
insomnia along with at least two other treatments for this condition.
6. Describe the following terms as they apply to classical conditioning:
a.
neutral stimulus (NS)
d.
unconditioned response (UR)
b.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
e.
conditioned response (CR)
c. unconditioned stimulus (US)
and then give an example of classical conditioning using the abbreviations NS, US, UR,
CS, and CR.
7. Describe, give an example of, and explain the effects of the following schedules of
partial reinforcement:
a. fixed ratio (FR) b. variable ratio (VR) c. fixed interval (FI) d. variable
interval (VI)
8. Define memory and explain the three processes of memory.
9. Describe sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory in terms of
capacity, how information is encoded (or how it is transferred from one level of memory
to the next i.e. sensory memory to short-term, short-term to long-term), permanence,
and susceptibility to interference.
10. Explain Ebbinghaus’s curve of forgetting. Given this information what are the
implications of his findings on how best to study for an examination?
Related readings (INFOtrac) and web sites:
American Psychological Association
http://www.apa.org/
American Psychological Society
http://psych.hanover.edu/APS
Anatomy of the Eye
http://webvision.med.utah.edu/anatomy.html
Otolaryngology
http://www.entusa.com/
Parapsychology Links
http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~bdj10/psi.html
Society for Psychical Research
http://www.spr.ac.uk/
Visual Illusions
http://dragon.uml.edu/psych/illusion.html
Lipkin, R. (1995). Additional genes may affect color vision. Science News, v. 147 (n. 7), pp. 100101.
Pantev, C., Hoke, M., Lutkenhoner, B., & Lehnertz, K. (1989). Tonotopic organization of the
auditory cortex: pitch versus frequency representation. Science, v. 246 (n. 4929),
pp. 486-488.
Sheehan, W. (2001). The moon illusion. Mercury, v. 30 (i.1), p.12
American Psychological Association
http://www.apa.org/
American Psychological Society
http://psych.hanover.edu/APS
LSD
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/lsd.html
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/
Psychoactive Substances and Violence
http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/GovPubs/PSYCVIOL.HTM
SIDS
http://www.aap.org/new/sids/sids.htm
Sleep Disorders - REM Behavior Disorders
http://www.sleepdisorderchannel.com/rem/
Smoking and Cancer
http://www.meds.com/lung/smoking/smoking.html
The Worldwide Online Meditation Center
http://www.meditationcenter.com/
Epstein, J.A., Griffin, K.W., & Botvin, G.J. (2004). Efficacy, self-derogation, and alcohol use
among inner-city adolescents: gender matters. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, v. 33
(i.12), pp. 159-166.
Franco, P., Lipshutz, W., Valente, F., Adams, S., Scaillet, S., & Kahn, A. (2002). Decreased
arousals in infants who sleep with the face covered by bedclothes. Pediatrics, v. 109 (i.6),
pp. 1112-1117.
Stein, M.T., & Ferber, R. (2001). Recent onset of sleepwalking in early adolescence. Journal of
Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, v. 22 (i.2), S33.
Albert Bandura
http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/bandura.html
American Psychological Association
http://www.apa.org/
American Psychological Society
http://psych.hanover.edu/APS
Classical Conditioning
http://www.as.wvu.edu/~sbb/comm221/chapters/pavlov.htm
Observational Learning
http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/soccog/soclrn.html
Operant Conditioning and Behaviorism
http://www.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de/genetics/behavior/learning/behaviorism.html
B.F. Skinner
http://www.bfskinner.org/index.asp
http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/skinner.html
Bushman, B.J. (1998). Priming effects of media violence on the accessibility of aggressive
constructs in memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, v. 24(n. 5), pp. 537-545.
Kim, J.J., & Fanselow, M.S. (1992). Modality-specific retrograde amnesia of fear. Science, v. 256
(n.
5057), pp. 675-677.
Vessey, J.A., & Lee, J.E. (2000). Violent video games affecting our children. Pediatric Nursing, v
26(n.6), p. 607