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Ecology - Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5 Reading Guide Chapter 2 – Pages 29 – 33 Energy: An Introduction 1. Explain the difference in potential and kinetic energy. Give an example for each. 2. Give an example of an energy conversion. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. State the two laws of thermodynamics (energy) and give an example of the 2 nd law. Where does all the energy to run planet Earth come from? How is energy utilized by the producers? Explain how plants contain potential energy that we animals convert to kinetic energy. Explain what is meant by the “electromagnetic spectrum”. What is the base of the food web in a hydrothermal vent ecosystem? 8. Compare a community using green plants as autotrophs with a community based on chemosynthetic bacteria as autotrophs. 9. 10. 11. 12. Explain the term “entropy” in terms of energy quality. Give an example of low and high quality energy? What is meant by “energy conversion efficiency”? Write the chemical formulas for photosynthesis and respiration. Explain what occurs during photosynthesis. Include the following terms in your answer: glucose, carbohydrate, potential energy, radiant energy, water, carbon dioxide. 13. Identify two ways that plants affect levels of carbon dioxide. 14. Answer “Calculating Ecological Footprints” on pages 48 - 49 Chapter 3 Evolution, Biodiversity and Population Ecology 1. Assume the Monteverde golden toad evolved from a population of green toads. Review Table 3.1, then describe a reasonable scenario that could result in the evolution of golden toads. 2. How did humans contribute to the golden toad’s extinction? 3. What features did the Monteverde golden toad possess that made it particularly vulnerable to extinction? 4. Explain the three ways selection can act on a population: directional, stabilizing, and disruptive. 5. Environmental change can drive both evolution and extinction. Explain. 6. Distinguish the terms niche and habitat. 7. Why is habitat loss the number one cause of loss of biodiversity on Earth today? 8. Would specialists or generalists do better in a human-dominated environment? Why? 9. Why do ecologists assess the population size, population density, population distribution, sex ratio, age structure, birth and death rates of populations? 10. Why are S-curves more common than exponential growth curves? 11. Draw a graph of a population growing under ideal conditions (label your axes!). How would you describe this growth in mathematic terms (linear, exponential, logistic, etc)? 12. Describe two density-dependent and two density-independent limiting factors that would affect the populations: a. mosquitos c. humans b. alligators 13. When considering biotic potential you look at an organism’s ability to reproduce. Name an r-selected selected species and a K-selected species. How do their reproductive strategies differ? 14. Draw a picture of and tell which environmental conditions favor the following patterns of dispersion: a. Uniform c. Clumped/clustered b. Random 15. Draw a graph (and label with Type I, II, or III) that shows the survivorship of an organism that has: a. high parental care b. Low parental care 16. The population of grizzly bears in Yellowstone was estimated to be 500 bears, growing at 6% a year. 47 bears were estimated to have died last year. Assuming no migration, how many bears cubs were born last year. Show your work. 17. (Science Behind the Story, pp68-69) How was climate hypothesized to affect the survival of frogs in Costa Rican cloud forests? Does the evidence support this hypothesis? Be sure you understand: Population dynamics: population size, population density, population distribution, sex ratio, age structure, birth and death rates Population distribution: random, uniform, clumped Survivorship curves: Type I, Type II, Type III. Equations for natural rate of population growth and population growth rate Limiting factors, carrying capacity Changes to a population can be density-dependent or density-independent Biotic potential – low = k-selected, high=r-selection Chapter 4 Pages – Species Interactions and Community Ecology 76- top of 96 1. Explain the interactions between native mollusks, zebra mussels, and quagga mussels using the following terms: fundamental niche, realized niche, and competitive exclusion. (Note that “the native mussel populations seem to have stabilized and persist at about 4-22% of their pre-invasion population sizes”, p89.) 2. Explain two ways mentioned in the text that help species avoid competitive exclusion. 3. Explain the difference in intraspecific and interspecific competition. 4. Describe and give an example for 5 types of symbiotic relationships 5. Discuss the coevolution of two species (your choice) that interact as predator and prey in a ecological community. 6. In Figure 4.5, why is the population of lynx always smaller than the population of hare? 7. 8. Describe the difference between a food chain and a food web. What is the original source of energy for a food chain? Explain using the 2nd law of thermodynamics why only a small fraction of energy at each trophic level is transferred up to the next trophic level? Where does the rest of the energy go? 9. What is the difference in a pyramid of biomass and a pyramid of numbers? 10. How does the pyramid of biomass illustrate why eating at lower trophic levels decreases a person’s ecological footprint? 11. Explain why the population of littoral (the shallow areas near the shoreline) fish in the Great Lakes increased after zebra mussels were introduced, and why the population of open water fish decreased. 12. It appears that orca populations are declining in the Puget Sound, WA. Explain a logical prediction that this decline in orcas will have on kelp populations. Use the term “keystone species” in your answer. 13. What is meant by the terms “resistance” and resilience” in relation to ecosystem disturbances? 14. Why are lichens successful pioneer species following glacier melt? 15. Catastrophic wildfires burn much hotter and longer than smaller fires. Explain why forest communities recover more slowly from catastrophic wildfires than they do from smaller fires. Chapter 5 Ecosystems Page 115 – top of page 117 1. Explain the difference between gross primary productivity and net primary productivity. 2. What is the unit for measuring NPP 3. 4. 5. What are the top 3 ecosystems having highest net primary productivity? What are the top 3 ecosystems having lowest net primary productivity? In the world’s oceans, where is the highest net primary productivity found? 2, 3, 4, and 5 Vocabulary to Know!!!! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. natural selection adaptation evolution resource succession primary succession pioneer community secondary succession climax community keystone species symbiosis mutualism parasitism amensalism coevolution herbivory rhizobium zooanthellae mycorrhizae 20. environmental stressors 21. epiphytes 22. parasite 23. host 24. habitat fragmentation 25. pathogen 26. predation 27. predator 28. prey 29. warning coloration 30. competition 31. intraspecific competition 32. interspecific competition 33. ecological niche 34. habitat 35. fundamental niche 36. 37. 38. 39. 52. 53. 54. 55. 64. 65. 66. biotic abiotic Populations Species Closed system Open system First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics Entropy Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Hydrothermal vent Chemosynthesis Energy flow Producers Autotrophs Consumers Heterotrophs Primary consumers 56. 57. 58. 59. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 60. 61. 62. 63. 95. 96. 97. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. Community Ecosystem Biosphere Energy Herbivores Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers Carnivores Omnivores Decomposers Detritivores Detritus Tropic level Food chain Food web Biosphere Ecosystem Community population organism 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. realized niche limiting factor range of tolerance competitive exclusion (Gause’s rule) species coexistence resource partitioning character displacement species richness ecotone edge effect geographical isolation community phase shift invasive species restoration ecology ecological restoration species richness Kilojoules (kJ) Kilocalories (kcal) Potential energy Kinetic energy habitat niche Gross primary productivity 98. Net primary productivity 99. Secondary productivity 100. specialist 101. generalist 102. Resistance 103. resilience