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Human Anatomy Spring Semester 2011 Dr. Shaun Martins, DC TTH Lab: 7:30 am – 10:20 am room 1810 TTH Lecture: 11:00 am– 12:15 am room 1814 1-1 Text Books: Human Anatomy, 6th Edition, Marieb, Mallatt, and Wilhelm, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual, Cat Version, 10th Edition, Marieb, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008 Optional, but HIGHLY RECOMMENDED: Barrons Anatomy Flash Cards Kapit and Elson, The Anatomy Coloring Book P.A.L. “Practice Anatomy Lab” version 2.0 CD 1-2 Chapter Objectives ***Always use with the study guides 1. List the organ systems of the body & state their function 2. Define anatomical position 3. Use anatomical terminology to describe body directions, regions, and planes 4. Locate the major body cavities and their subdivisions 5. Name the 9 regions and 4 quadrants of the abdomen and name the organs associated with each C. 1 A First Look at Anatomy Anatomy is the study of structure. Anatomy is from the Greek and means “to cut up” or “to cut open.” Anatomists examine the relationships among parts of the body along with the structure of individual organs. 1-4 Introduction to Anatomy Physiology The scientific discipline that studies the function of body structures. Structure and function cannot be completely separated. Form is directly related to function, and viceversa. 1-5 1-6 Levels of Organization in the Human Body 1-7 The Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body Are: 1. Epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities. Example: The inner lining of the digestive system 1-8 The Four Types of Tissues 2. Connective tissue protects, supports, and interconnects body parts and organs. Can be solid (such as bone), liquid (such as blood), or intermediate (such as cartilage). 1-9 The Four Types of Tissues 3. Muscle tissue produces movement. Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle 1-10 The Four Types of Tissues 4. Nervous tissue conducts impulses for internal communication. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves 1-11 Levels of Organization in the Human Body Organs Different tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions Organ Systems Related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function. 11 organ systems in the human body, function interdependently in a single living human being 1-12 1. Integumentary System Provides protection Regulates body temperature Site of cutaneous receptors Synthesizes vitamin D Prevents water loss 1-13 2. Skeletal System Provides support and protection Site of hematopoeisis (blood cell production) Stores calcium and phosphorus Allows for body movement 1-14 3. Muscular System Produces body movement Generates heat when muscles contract 1-15 4. Nervous System A regulatory system that controls body movement Responds to sensory stimuli Helps control all other systems of the body Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory 1-16 5. Endocrine System Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which regulate body and cellular growth chemical levels in the body reproductive functions 1-17 6. Cardiovascular System Consists of a pump (the heart) that moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products 1-18 7. Lymphatic System Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid) Initiates an immune response when necessary 1-19 8. Respiratory System Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs 1-20 9. Digestive System Mechanically and chemically digests food materials Absorbs nutrients Expels waste products 1-21 10. Urinary System Filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood Concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body 1-22 11A. Male Reproductive System Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (e.g., testosterone) Transfers sperm to the female 1-23 11B. Female Reproductive System Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (e.g., estrogen and progesterone) Receives sperm from male Site of fertilization of oocyte Site of growth and development of embryo and fetus 1-24 Anatomical Variation Most of us are about 90% like the textbook. Situs solitus = organs are in the usual position Situs reversus = a L/R reversal of the organs (1/8000) 1-25 Anatomical Terminology Anatomic position = individual stands upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor. The head is level, and the eyes look forward. The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. 1-26 Anatomical Terminology Anatomical position is the standard frame of reference!!! Other terms: Prone = an individual is lying face down Supine = an individual is lying on his/her back 1-27 Anatomical Terminology A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the body into specific sections. The three major anatomic planes of reference are the coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes. 1-28 Sections and Planes A coronal plane, also called a frontal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. 1-29 Sections and Planes A transverse plane, also called a crosssectional plane or horizontal plane, cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ separating it into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. 1-30 Sections and Planes A sagittal plane or median plane, extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves. 1-31 Sections and Planes A sagittal plane in the body midline is a midsagittal plane. A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to the left or the right of it, is termed a parasagittal (or sagittal) plane. A minor plane, called the oblique plane, passes through the specimen at an angle. 1-32 Directional Terms of the Body Directional terms are precise and brief, and, for most of them, there is a correlative term that means just the opposite. 1-33 Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to front (belly side) or back (back side) of the body : Anterior = In front of; toward the front surface Posterior = In back of; toward the back surface Ventral = At the belly side of the human body Dorsal =At the back side of the human body 1-34 Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to the head or tail of the body: Superior = Toward the head or above Inferior = Toward feet not head Cranial = At the head end Caudal = At the rear or tail end 1-35 Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to the midline or center of the body: Medial = Toward the midline of the body Lateral = Away from the midline of the body Deep = On the inside, underneath another structure Superficial = On the outside 1-36 Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to point of attachment of the appendage (limb): Proximal = Closest to point of attachment to trunk Distal = Furthest from point of attachment to trunk 1-37 Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Ipsilateral = On the same side Contralateral = On the opposite side 1-38 Body Regions The human body is partitioned into two main regions, called the axial and appendicular regions. the axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our body our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s axis and make up the appendicular region 1-39 Axial Skeleton (green) Appendicular Skeleton (yellow) 1-40 Body Cavities 1-41 Body Cavities 1-42 Body Cavity Membranes More later! 43 Used by clinicians Abdominopelvic Quadrants •RUQ: Gall Bladder, Rt kidney •RLQ: Appendix, Rt ovary •LUQ: Lt liver lobe, stomach, Lt kidney •LLQ: Small intestine, Lt ovary 44 Abdominopelvic Regions 9 smaller, imaginary compartments. Used by anatomists. 1-45 Major Themes in Course Complementarity of structure and function Levels of organization Interrelationships between organ systems Homeostasis 1-46