Download Human Anatomy and Physiology - Fredericksburg City Schools

Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation
I.Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
____________________= the study of the structure and shape of
the body and its parts and their relationships to one
another…..large body structures---gross anatomy
v.__________________anatomy(too small to be seen w/o a
microscope)
_______________________study of how body and its parts
work or function in nature….many
subdivisions,like_______________________ and
______________________________
Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology
---The 2 are always related…Structures determine what functions
can take place
II. Levels of Structural Organization
1. At the ______________________level atoms combine to make
____________________.
2. At the __________________ level,__________are composed of molecules.
3. At the _______________________, it is made of the same type of
cells,functioning together.
4. At the ____________________level,different tissues work together for a common
function.
5. At the organ system level different organs work together closely.
6. the highest level is the organism
1
A.Organ System Overview
___________________________________=external covering of the
body;waterproofs,cushions and protects:excretes salts and urea in
perspiration and helps regulate body ________________.Temp,pressure
and pain receptors in the skin alert us at the body surface .
__________________________________=consists of
bones,cartilage,ligaments and joints.-supports body and provides
framework for skeletal muscle-also protects….___________________----formation of blood cells takes place in bone marrow ;also storehouse for
minerals
_______________________________=Contract or shorten to produce
movement of body -skeletal muscles-or w/in organs-cardiac or smooth
muscles
_______________________________=has brain,spinal cord ,nerves and
sensory receptors as control system
_____________________________= controls body through hormonal
control.Endocrine releases hormones-chemicals-into the blood and they go
to a target organ.These glands inc. the
pituitary,thyroid,parathyroid,adrenals,thymus,pancreas,pineal,ovaries,and
testesWhat is controlled includes growth,reproduction and food used by
cells.
________________________________________________includes the
heart and blood vessels and blood,transporting oxygen and
nutrients,hormones,etc….wbcs-protect
Lymphatic System- inc. lymphatic vessels,lymph nodes organs ,such as
the spleen and tonsils.The vessels return fluid leaked from the blood back
to blood…the nodes help clean the blood and are involved in immunity.
2
___________________________-Basically a tube running through the
body from mouth to anus-inc. mouth,esophagus,stomach,sm. and lg.
intestine,and rectum—Break down food and deliver the products to blood
so it will go to cells---undigested returns to be eliminated as feces
Urinary System-removes nitrogen containing wastes from blood and
excretes as urine---maintains body’s water and salt balance—inc.
kidneys,ureters,bladder,urethra
Reproductive System-to produce offspring-----testes male/ovaries-female
Respiratory system-exchanges gaes,keeping blood,hence body
supplied w/O2-lungs,trachea…Mediastinum-separates thoracic cavity
3
4
III. Maintaining Life
LIFE FUNCTIONS_
A. Maintaining Boundaries-keep inside separate from outside
Cells have membranes
Body is surrounded by _________________ as well as does the internal
organs.
5
B.Movement. –promoted by muscular system- walking,etc….using fingers….and bones
provide support
o Movement also happens
as________________________________are propelled through
the organs
C.____________________-or Irritability is the ablity to sense changes (stimuli) in
environment) and react
Nerve cells highly irritable
Other parts of your body respond to stimuli
D.Digestion-breaking down food into simple molecules to be absorbed into the
blood,which goes to your body cells.
E.____________________________-refers to all chemical reactions that occur w/in body
cells---makes nutrients and oxygen available to the blood and on the cardiovascular
system to distribute needed substances throughout the body---regulated greatly by
hormones
F.Excretion-process of removing wastes from body-removes non-useful substances
produced during digestion and metabolism-feces from ___________________digestion
leftovers
G._________________________-Production of offspring
H.__________is an increase in size—cells must be created faster than destroyed
SURVIVAL NEEDS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The goal of most body systems is to
___________________________.These fragile
_______________________________ include the following:
________________________---body takes in as food and chemical
reactions release energy from it using O2.Carb’s are the main energy
source…..Proteins provide nutrients and fats build cell structures ,a last
source for energy and cushion organs .
________________ is necessary to derive most energy----It is required in
Cellular respiration…..it is in 20% of the air we breathe.It is also
circulated to blood and cells by respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Water-is 60-80 % body weight-most important molecule in the body and
is the solvents for secretions and excretions….comes mostly from ingested
foods and liquids and lost evaporation from lungs and skin and excretions.
___________________________must remain at around 37 degrees C (98
F).If it is too slow,metabolism stops and too high,proteins break
down…..death occurs at either extreme.
Atmospheric Pressure-- is the force on the surface of the body by the
weight of air---atmospheric pressure----Too high altitudes may have gas
exchange too low for metabolism
6
IV. HOMEOSTASIS—body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions(even
though outside world changes)
The body is DYNAMIC within narrow limits
All organ systems involved examples;Nutrient blood
levels,heart activity and blood pressure,waste eliminated and
body temp.
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms:
------3 components --what is regulated is called the variable
1. _______________________sensor that monitors and changes in environment
2. _______________________-Flows to here along afferent pathway-determines
appropriate response or reaction.
3. Effector-provides output to stimulus---along efferent pathway----results feed
back to influence stimulus----turning off----NEGATIVE or turn on---positive feed
back
Most body mechanism are negative feed back.
V.The Language of Anatomy
7
correct anatomical position
8
9
10
Label all unlabelled terms!!!
Directional terms- allow medical personal to describe exactly where one
structure is in relationship to another.They include the following:
Superior(cranial or cephalic)toward head or upper part
Inferior (caudal)away from head or lower part
Ventral(anterior)front of body----front of
Dorsal(posterior)backof body-back of
medial toward or at body midline;inner side
lateral away from midline;on the outer side
proximal-close to origin of body part or where it is attached
distal-farther from origin
superficial(external)---toward or at body surface
Deep(internal) away from body surface-more internal
Regional Terms-Visible body landmarks----see figure 1.5 p.16----label in
notes
ANTERIOR____
o Abdominal ---anterior trunk below ribs
o Acromial----(Point) of shoulder
o Antebrachial-forearm
o Antecubital-ant. Surface of elbow
o Axillary-armpit
11
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Brachial-arm
Buccal-cheek
Carpal-wrist
Cervical --neck region
Coxal-hip
Crural-leg
Deltoid-curve of shoulder formed by lg deltoid muscle
Digital—fingers,toes
Femoral---thigh
Fibular---lateral part of leg
Frontal –forehead
Inguinal-groin
Nasal
Oral
Orbital-eye
Patellar-knee
Pubic-genital
Sternal- breastbone
Tarsal-ankle
Thoracic-chest
Umbilical-naval
POSTERIOR____
Calcaneal-heel
Cephalic-head
Femoral-thigh
Gluteal-buttock
Lumbar---back area between ribs and hips
Occipital-back of head
Olecranal-post. Surface of elbow
Popliteal-post. Knee area
Sacral-area between hips
Scapular---shoulder blades
12
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
13
BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS-In anatomy ,students make sections-or cuts---it
is made along an imaginary line or __________________________.......being 3-D,we
consider 3 types of planes
1. Sagittal section is lengthwise or longitudinally----If the right and left
parts are equal it is median or midgsagittal
2. Frontal section is lengthwise into ant. And post. parts----also called
coronal
3. a Tranverse Section is cut along a horizontal plane,making superior
and inferior parts----also called cross-section
14
BODY CAVITIES
Dorsal cavity has 2 subdivisions:
1. cranial-in skull and
2. spinal cavity-extends from cranial to end of vertebral column
Ventral body CavityMuch larger;contains all in chest and abdomen
 Thoracic cavity(lungs,heart….separated by diaphragm-----MEDIASTINUM-serarates right
and left cavities
 Abdominopelvic cavity--stomach,liver,intestines--(superior)
-- inferior-Pelvic cavity--reproductive organs
15
List the 9 separate regions separated by 4 planes
1. ____________________
2. _____________________
3. ________________________
4. _____________________
5. ________________________
6. ___________________________
7. _____________________________
8. _____________________________
9. _________________________________
16
17