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Integrated General
Biology
A Contextualized Approach
Active Learning Activities
FIRST EDITION
Jason E. Banks
Julianna L. Johns
Diane K. Vorbroker, PhD
Directional Terms & Body Systems
Chapter 14
Active Learning Activities
Directional Terms & Body Systems
Section 14.1 Which Way Are We Going?
Directions for
the Student:
This lesson is designed for you to complete, on your own or in your study group. Use
your notes and follow along in the text, as you find necessary.
Objectives:
1. Define and use directional terms and planes of dissection for the human body.
As part of the process of graphing data, we have learned that data points can be placed on a graph using
x and y coordinates. An x-axis and y-axis is used to create a two-dimensional model. What happens
when we need to use a third axis, a z-axis? Doing so means we need to add a third dimension to our
graph, which gives us the following model of a three-dimensional coordinate space.
1. If we were to examine a point with the
coordinates (3, 5, 2) what do each of these
numbers mean?
Distance from the origin, which is a set reference
point.
In geometry we must have a set reference point in order to describe the location of a point. We call this
set reference point the origin, which is point (0, 0, 0). When we describe the point (3, 5, 2) all of those
numbers are relative to the origin. In anatomy we use several terms to describe the location of
structures in the body. Many of these terms are relative therefore we must be clear on what the
reference point are for these terms if we are to make sense of them.
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Directional Terms & Body Systems
Active Learning Activities
2. Label the three sectional planes in the diagram below.
Coronal
Transverse
Sagittal
Use your knowledge of the sectional planes and anatomical terms described in your textbook to answer
the following questions. You will also need to find labeled images of the skeleton to answer questions
about the location of bones in the body.
3. Which are more medial, the eyes or the ears?
eyes
4. Is the sacrum best described as caudal or cranial?
caudal
5. Is the fibula on the medial or lateral side of the tibia?
lateral
6. Are the cervical vertebrae the most inferior of the vertebrae or the superior
most superior of the vertebrae?
7. Is the occipital bone of the skull located dorsally or ventrally?
dorsally
8. Is the scapula part of the anterior or posterior trunk?
posterior
9. Is the lumbar superior or inferior to the sacrum?
superior
10. Are the lungs superficial or deep to the ribs?
deep
11. Where is a plantar wart located?
foot
Having an origin, or center point from which measurements refer to, is important for graphing data.
When a data point has three coordinates we can locate it in a model and then see (and of course,
measure) how far it is from the origin. This geometric concept is applied in a similar way in anatomy, as
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Directional Terms & Body Systems
Active Learning Activities
an organism’s features are all located in positions relative to another reference point. Two terms that
are used in anatomy to describe location are proximal and distal.
12. What does the term "proximal" mean?
Closer to the trunk than
13. What does the term "distal" mean?
Farther from the trunk than
Proximal and distal are terms that are typically used when comparing two anatomical features. Using
these terms identifies one feature as being closer or farther to the origin than the other feature.
14. Use only the terms “proximal” and “distal” to answer the following questions.
The elbow is ____________ to the shoulder.
distal
The elbow is ____________ to the wrist.
proximal
The ankle is ____________ to the knee.
distal
The ankle is ____________ to the toes.
proximal
Tarsal bones are __________to metatarsals.
proximal
The ulna is _____________ to the humerus.
distal
Being comfortable using these terms will assist in learning more of the specifics of anatomy and
physiology.
15. Come up with two of your own questions and answers using these directional terms. You can use
bones, muscles, organs, etc. to develop your questions and answers.
Question 1:
Answer:
Question 2:
Answer:
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Directional Terms & Body Systems
Active Learning Activities
Section 14.2 Organ Systems and the Immune System
Directions for
the Student:
This lesson is designed for you to complete, on your own or in your study group. Use
your notes and follow along in the text, as you find necessary.
Objectives:
1. Examine the 11 organ systems of the human body.
2. Describe the principal functions of each system and identify the major organs.
1. How is the human body similar to a complex
machine? Share some ideas below.
2. How is the human body different from a
complex machine?
3. Use what you know about organ systems to answer the following questions about the systems of
the body.
Which system of the body removes waste
Urinary
products from the blood and helps to regulate
blood pH?
Which ion does pH relate to?
H+
Which system detects sensations and controls Nervous system
movements?
Your body has an army of cells that react and
destroys invading pathogens. What is the
name of this "system"?
Immune system
List three functions of the muscular system.
Produce movements
Maintain posture
Generate body heat
Organ Systems and the Immune System
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Directional Terms & Body Systems
Which system is responsible for producing
blood cells?
Active Learning Activities
Skeletal system
What is the name of the system that
Cardiovascular system transports substances
specializes in transporting substances around around the body. It is made up of the heart, blood,
the body? List the key structures that allow for and blood vessels.
this transport of materials.
This system regulates important bodily
functions such as growth, metabolism and
reproduction. This system utilizes hormones
and associated compounds to send signals
throughout the body.
Endocrine system.
This system provides the first line of defense
for many potential threats to the body. The
skin is one of the major organs of this system.
Integumentary system.
What is the function of the respiratory
system?
Gas exchange (pH balance also)
What are some of the major organs of the
digestive system?
Mouth, esophagus, intestines, liver, pancreas, etc.
Which system produces oocytes?
Female reproductive system
In some ways a body is like a machine. Sometimes machines have problems that inhibit their functioning
efficiently.
4. For each of the following systems, identify a disease or condition that affects how this system
functions.
Muscular system
Digestive system
Endocrine system
Skeletal system
Nervous system
Urinary system
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Directional Terms & Body Systems
Active Learning Activities
Immune system
Integumentary
system
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular
system
Lymphatic system
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