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LIVESTOCK Cattle... Crossbreeding terminology Allele One of two or more forms of a gene at a particular location on a chromosome. For example, blue and brown eyes are determined by different alleles of the gene for eye colour. Chromosomes rod-like structures that are found in the nucleus of all cells. These structures contain genetic information and occur in pairs. Co-dominant two alleles that contribute to a trait. Complementarity Combining two breeds to overcome defects in one or both breeds. Crossbreeding Combining existing breeds to produce a hybrid which has a combination of the inheritable characteristics of the parent breeds. Dominant an allele that masks the expression of another. F1 First generation following the crossing of two breeds, and refers to Filial 1 . For example, the progeny of a cross between a Limousin and an Angus would be referred to as the F1. Gene a portion of the chromosome that makes up the complex coding system that directs enzyme and protein production. Genes code for specific traits and govern how these traits will develop and be expressed. Genotype The particular set of genes of an animal for a characteristic. Heterozygous Two different alleles of a particular gene. Homozygous Two identical alleles of a particular gene. Hybrid T h e o ffspring from a cross between individuals of two different species. Inbreeding Mating of closely related parents, for instance, brother to sister, mother to son. Line-breeding Mating of relatively close parents, for instance, brother to grandmother, daughter to grandfather, mother to cousin. Mutation An inheritable alteration of the genes or chromosomes Outcrossing Mating of parents that are several generations apart. Phenotype The genetically and environmentally determined physical appearance of an animal. Recessive the allele that would be masked by the dominant allele. Sex chromosomes the X and Y chromosomes that determine gender. 84 FARMING AHEAD No. 77 - May 1998