Download Review Sheet - School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology

Review for Exam 2 GG 101 Chapters 9-16
Chapter 9
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Know the difference between relative and absolute dating of earth materials.
Know the Principle of Original Horizontality and how it relates to the Law of Superposition.
Know the other principles used in relative age dating and be able to recognize the relative ages
of units when looking at a hypothetical cross section.
Know the differences in the three types of unconformities.
Know how rock layers can be correlated using physical criteria and fossils.
Be able to explain radioactive decay and how it relates to absolute age dating.
Generally know the procedure of radiometric dating and explain how it is used to obtain
absolute ages.
Chapter 10
• Know the concept of deformation, including differences in force, stress, and strain.
• Be able to compare and contrast the various types of stress.
• Know how temperature, confining pressure, rock type, and time all affect rock deformation.
• Know under what conditions brittle and ductile deformation occur.
• Know how folding of rocks occurs, including the origin, characteristics, and some geographic
examples of folding.
• Know differences in basic kinds of faulting of rocks, including the origin and stresses
responsible for faults.
• Know the origin and significance of joints in rocks.
Chapter 11
• Be able to explain the origin of earthquakes, including their relationship to faults.
• Know the differences between elastic rebound and the accumulation of strain in rocks.
• Know the general characteristics of earthquakes and recording of earthquake waves.
• Know how to locate the source of an earthquake.
• Know how earthquake intensity and magnitude are measured.
• Explain the use and limitations of the modified Mercalli Intensity scale.
• Be able to generally explain earthquake prediction in terms of both short-range and long-range
forecasting.
• Understand the occurrence of earthquakes in relation to tectonic plate boundaries.
• Know the characteristics of tsunami waves.
Chapter 12
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Know the layered nature of Earth and how gravity is responsible for such layering in planets.
How do we know or what can geologist use to infer the composition of the mantle?
Understand the nature of seismic waves.
Know the importance of seismic waves in determining Earth’s structure.
Know the layers of Earth defined by composition and by physical properties.
How does the mechanical behavior of the lithosphere and asthenosphere differ?
Know the properties and characteristics of Earth’s crust, mantle, and core.
Know the commonly accepted origin of Earth’s magnetic field.
Know what produces internal heat in Earth, including how heat flows in the crust and produces
mantle convection.
Chapter 13
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What technology has been used to map the ocean floor?
Know the geologic characteristics and features associated with passive and active continental
margins.
Know the general features of the deep-ocean basins, including deep-ocean trenches, abyssal
plains, and seamounts and how they are formed.
Know the characteristics of mid-ocean ridges including submarine hot spings.
Understand the origin of oceanic lithosphere including the role of oceanic ridges and the
mechanism of seafloor spreading.
Know the structure and geologic characteristics of oceanic crust.
Generally know how continental rifting occurs and how ocean basins evolve.
Know how subduction relates to the destruction of oceanic lithosphere.
Chapter 14
• Be able to explain orogenesis and the concept of mountain building.
• Know the features and dynamics of a subduction zone.
• Know how mountain building associated with subducting plate boundaries occurs, including a
comparison of island arcs and Andean-type mountain building and wher these can be found on
Earth.
• Be able to explain mountain building associated with continent-continent collisions.
• Know how terranes can evolve and can be used to recognize mountain building events.
• Know what produces vertical movements of Earth’s crust, including isostatic adjustment and
mantle convection.
Chapter 15
• Know the relationship between mass wasting and landform development.
• Know and be able to list and briefly explain factors which control and trigger mass movements.
• Generally know how various kinds of mass movements are categorized.
• Know what controls the different rates of movement involved in mass wasting.
• Know the characteristics of slower mass movements including creep and solifluction.
• Know what to look for that indicates mass wasting has occurred in a given area.
Chapter 16
• Know and be able to explain major features of the hydrologic cycle on Earth.
• Know how urbanization affects the hydrologic cycle.
• Know the concept of streamflow, including discharge and gradient.
• Know what changes occur from the head to the mouth of a stream.
• Know the concept of base level and graded streams.
• Be able to compare and contrast the various mechanisms by which streams transport sediment.
• Be able to list and briefly describe the various types of stream deposits and where streams
transport sediment and where erosion occurs along streams.
• Know the characteristics of narrow and wide stream valleys and how they form.
• Be able to discuss the significance of incised meanders.
• What causes flooding and what can be done to control flooding?