Download CHAPTER 9 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CHAPTER 9
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the pathway air takes in and out of the lungs and the structures designed to filter, warm, and moisten
air. [9.1, pp.166-169, Figs. 9.2 & 9.3, Table 9.1]
2. Describe how food and drink are prevented from entering the lungs during swallowing. [9.1, p.168, Fig. 9.4]
3. Explain how speech depends on the respiratory system. [9.1, p.168, Fig. 9.4]
4. Name and describe the structures in the lungs in which gas exchange occurs. [9.1, p.169, Figs. 9.2 & 9.5]
5. State and define the four processes involved in respiration. [9.2, p.170]
6. Describe the respiratory volumes of the typical adult and how these volumes are measured. [9.2, p.170, Fig.
9.6]
7. Describe how industrialization is a growing threat to our respiratory systems. [p.171, Ecology Focus]
8. Describe how the respiratory center controls rate and volume of breathing. [9.2, p.172, Fig. 9.7]
9. Describe the mechanism by which breathing occurs, including inspiration and expiration. [9.2, pp.170-173,
Figs. 9.7 & 9.8]
10. Describe the events that occur during external and internal respiration. [9.3, p.pp.174-175, Fig. 9.9]
11. Show that hemoglobin is well suited to its role as a respiratory pigment. [9.3, p.176, Fig. 9.10]
12. List the names, symptoms, and causes of various diseases of the respiratory tract. [9.4, pp.177-181, Figs. 9.11,
9.12, & 9.13]
13. Understand why overuse of antibiotics leads to resistant strains of bacteria. [ p.180, Bioethical Focus]
14. Describe the deleterious effects of tobacco. [p.182, Health Focus]
15. Describe the role of the respiratory system in homeostasis. [9.5, p.184]
16. Discuss how the respiratory system works with other body systems to maintain homeostasis. [9.5, pp.183-184,
Human Systems Work Together]
17. Understand and use the bold-faced and italicized terms included in this chapter. [Understanding Key Terms,
p.185]
EXTENDED LECTURE OUTLINE
9.1 Respiratory Tract
Air filtered and warmed as it is conducted through a series of passages on its way to the lungs.
The Nose
The two nasal cavities, which contain receptor cells, receive tear ducts from eyes and communicate with sinuses.
The auditory tube from middle ear communicates with the nasopharynx. The nose warms and cleanses incoming
air.
The Pharynx
The pharynx, a passageway from the nasal cavities to oral cavities, and to the larynx, contains the tonsils. The
pharynx takes air from the nose to larynx; takes food from the oral cavity to esophagus.
The Larynx
The epiglottis covers the glottis an opening to the larynx which contains vocal cords.
The Trachea
The trachea, supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings, is lined by ciliated cells which sweep impurities up to the
throat. The trachea takes air to the bronchial tree.
The Bronchial Tree
Two primary bronchi, which divide into ever smaller bronchioles, conduct air to and in lungs.
The Lungs
The lungs are paired, cone-shaped organs within the thoracic cavity.
The Alveoli
46
The alveoli are the air sacs lined by squamous epithelium and surrounded by blood capillaries. Alveoli
function in gas exchange. Premature infants often suffer from respiratory distress syndrome.
Mader VRL CD-ROM
Image 0170l.jpg (Fig. 9.1)
Image 0171al.jpg (Fig. 9.2)
Image 0171bl.jpg (Fig. 9.2)
Image 0171cl.jpg (Fig. 9.2)
Image 0172al.jpg (Fig. 9.3)
Image 0172bl.jpg (Fig. 9.3)
Image 0173l.jpg (Fig. 9.4)
Image 0174l.jpg (Fig. TA9.1)
Image 0175l.jpg (Fig. 9.5)
Dynamic Human 2.0 CD-ROM
Respiratory/Anatomy/3D Viewer
Respiratory/Anatomy/Gross Anatomy
Respiratory/Anatomy/Nasal Cavity
Respiratory/Anatomy/Trachea
Respiratory/Clinical Concepts/Bronchoscopy
Respiratory/Anatomy/Lung
Respiratory/Anatomy/Bronchiole
Respiratory/Anatomy/ Alveoli
Mader ESP Modules Online
Animal Biology/Respiratory System/Human Respiratory Tract
Animal Biology/Respiratory System/Respiration
Animal Biology/Respiratory System/Bronchoscopy
Animals/Respiration/Human Breathing
Transparencies
127 (Fig. 9.2)
Life Science Animations VRL 2.0
128 (Fig.9.3)
129 (Fig. 9.4)
130 (Fig. TA9.1)
131 (Fig. 9.5)
9.2 Mechanism of Breathing
Respiratory Volumes
The tidal volume is the normal amount of air moved in and out of the lungs. Vital capacity is the maximum
amount of air moved in and out. Inspiratory reserve volume is the maximum amount of inspired air and the
expiratory reserve volume is the maximum amount of expired air
Inspiration and Expiration
The thoracic cavity is bounded by the rib case and diaphragm; pleural membranes line the thoracic cavity and
lungs.
Inspiration
When we inhale (inspiration) impulses from respiratory center in the medulla oblongata cause the rib
cage to rise and the diaphragm to lower: the thoracic cavity expands and air comes in. Presence of CO2
and H+ increases breathing rate.
Expiration
47
When we exhale (expiration), lack of impulses from respiratory center causes rib cage to lower and
diaphragm to resume dome shape. Elastic recoil of muscle increases pressure in the thoracic cavity and
expiration occurs.
Mader VRL CD-ROM
Image 0176l.jpg (Fig. 9.6)
Image 0177l.jpg (Fig. 9A)
Image 0178l.jpg (Fig. 9.7)
Image 0179l.jpg (Fig. 9.8)
Dynamic Human 2.0 CD-ROM
Respiratory/Explorations/Mechanics of Breathing
Respiratory/Clinical Concepts/Spirometry
Life Science Animations VRL 2.0
Animal Biology/Respiratory System/ Inspiration Versus
Expiration
Animal Biology/Respiratory System/ Breathing_1
Animal Biology/Respiratory System/ Breathing_2
Mader ESP Modules Online
Animals/Respiration/Human Breathing
Transparencies
132 (Fig. 9.6)
133 (Fig. 9Aa, b)
134 (Fig. 9.7)
135 (Fig. 9.8)
9.3 Gas Exchanges in the Body
External Respiration
External respiration is the diffusion of CO 2 from pulmonary capillaries into alveolar sacs and O2 from alveolar
sacs into pulmonary capillaries.
Internal Respiration
Internal respiration is the diffusion of O2 from systemic capillaries into tissues and CO 2 from tissue fluid into
systemic capillaries.
Binding Capacity of Hemoglobin
The partial pressure of gases, temperature, and pH affect binding capacity of hemoglobin. The high pressure of
oxygen, the low temperature and pH aid the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin in the lungs. The opposite is true in
the tissues.
Mader VRL CD-ROM
Image 0180l.jpg (Fig. TA9.2)
Image 0181l.jpg (Fig. TA9.3)
Image 0182l.jpg (Fig. TA9.4)
Image 0183l.jpg (Fig. TA9.5)
Image 0184l.jpg (Fig. 9.9)
Image 0185l.jpg (Fig. 9.10)
Dynamic Human 2.0 CD-ROM
Respiratory/Explorations/Gas Exchange
Respiratory/Explorations/Oxygen Transport
Life Science Animations VRL 2.0
Animal Biology/Respiratory System/ Gas Exchange
Animal Biology/Respiratory System/ External and Internal
Respiration
Animal Biology/Respiratory System/ Gas Exchange During
Respiration
48
Animal Biology/Respiratory System/Hemoglobin
Mader ESP Modules Online
Animals/Respiration/Gas Exchange
Animals/Respiration/Gas Exchange (in lungs)
Case Studies Online
Breathing Liquids: Reality of Science Fiction
Transparencies
136 (Fig. 9.9)
137 (Fig. 9.10)
9.4 Respiration and Health
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Upper respiratory tract infections include the following:
Sinusitis , Infection of sinuses
Otitis Media, Infection of middle ear
Tonsillitis , Infection of tonsils
Laryngitis, Infection of larynx
Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders
Lower respiratory tract disorders include the following:
Lower Respiratory Infections include acute bronchitis (infection of primary and secondary bronchi);
pneumonia (infection of lungs); pulmonary tuberculosis (infection caused by tubercle bacillus)
Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders in which reduction of vital capacity is caused by, for example,
asbestos.
Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders includes chronic bronchitis (inflamed airways); emphysema
(alveolar walls break down)
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer follows this sequence of events: thickening of airway cells; loss of cilia, atypical nuclei;
tumor; metastasis.
Mader VRL CD-ROM
Image 0186l.jpg (Fig. 9.11)
Image 0187al.jpg (Fig. 9.12)
Image 0187bl.jpg (Fig. 9.12)
Image 0188l.jpg (Fig. 9B)
Image 0189l.jpg (Fig. 9.13)
Dynamic Human 2.0 CD-ROM
Respiratory/Explorations/Smoking and Carboxyhemoglobin
Respiratory/Clinical Concepts/Asthma
Life Science Animations VRL 2.0
Animal Biology/Respiratory System/ Smoking Risks
Mader ESP Modules Online
Animals/Respiration/Disorders
Case Studies Online
Smoking Ban
Personal Watercraft Pollute Air, Water: Restrictions
Proposed
Asthma: The New Worldwide Epidemic
Breathe Easy with Ephedra
Transparencies
138 (Fig. 9.11)
139 (Fig. 9.12)
9.5 Homeostasis
49
In general the respiratory system contributes to homeostasis by supplying the body with oxygen and ridding the
body of carbon dioxide. The excretion of carbon dioxide by the lungs helps regulate the pH of the blood. A Human
Systems Work Together box shows how the respiratory system works with other systems in the body to maintain
homeostasis.
Mader VRL CD-ROM
Image 0190al.jpg (Fig. TA9.6)
Image 0190bl.jpg (Fig. TA9.6)
Image 0191l.jpg (Fig. TA9.7)
Image 0192l.jpg (Fig. 9.8)
Transparencies
140 (Fig. TA9.1)
141 (Fig. TA9.2)
SEVENTH EDITION CHANGES
New/Revised Text:
This was chapter 8 in the previous edition.
9.3 The introductory paragraph was rewritten to emphasize the contribution of gas exchange to
homeostasis.
9.5 Homeostasis has been rewritten and clearly explains how the respiratory system regulates pH and
immunity.
New/Revised Figures:
9.1 The path of air (caption); 9.2 The respiratory tract; 9.6 Vital capacity; 9.8 Inspiration and expiration
STUDENT ACTIVITIES
Career as a Respiratory Therapist
1. Invite a respiratory therapist to class. Ask her to describe the most prevalent respiratory problems in your area.
Ask her to describe the types of treatments she administers. Discuss the educational requirements to become a
respiratory therapist.
Do Smokers Have Rights?
2. Students should read the Ecology Focus, “Photochemical Smog Can Kill,” and the Health Focus, “The Most
Often Asked Questions About Smoking, Tobacco, and Health, and The Answers,” before coming to class.
Have them make a list of similar gases in photochemical smog and cigarette smoke. They are to conclude that
both are types of polluted air and that both can be dangerous to health. Have them list all the illnesses that can
result from smoking cigarettes, and ask them to consider the following questions:
a. Do smokers have a right to smoke when it pollutes the air for themselves and others?
b. Should nonsmokers have to pay the medical expenses of smokers?
c. Is it sufficient to tax cigarettes to provide monies for universal health care?
d. Should health insurance coverage be denied for illnesses involving smoking?
Each student, or group, should present pro and con arguments for each question. Make notes of major
arguments on the chalkboard.
Lung Tissue Demonstration
3. Ask a local butcher for a lung and a portion of a bronchial tree from a butchered animal. Alternatively,
sacrifice a lab rat ahead of time, and remove the lungs and bronchial tree. Demonstrate to students the ability
of lung tissue to expand as air inflates it by using a straw or pipette inserted into a smaller bronchial passage.
Fresh lung tissue will still inflate readily. Section off a small piece of lung tissue and demonstrate its ability to
float in a pan of water. Describe the residual air capacity of human lungs.
50