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The Middle Ages Test Review Early High Late (c. 500900) (c. 9001200) (c. 12001500) EARLY MIDDLE AGES (Dark Ages) Fall of Rome Germanic Tribes Angles, Saxons, Jutes Franks Vikings Clovis (what he's known for) Charles Martel (Battle of Tours, defeats Muslims) Charlemagne (what he's known for; his impacts) crowned Emperor tension between West and East Europe expanded his kingdom, ruled for 46 years Carolingian Renaissance (promoted learning at Aachen "New Rome"; Alcuin of York) missi dominici (missionaries/messengers of the lord) g'vt control currency (coins) Empire divided into 3 parts after death The Church Monastaries scholasticism HIGH MIDDLE AGES Feudalism (fiefs) Manorialism Rise of Monarchies (England, France, Holy Roman Empire) Vikings Raids Alfred the Great (builds fortifications) England William the Conqueror (1066, Battle of Hastings) Normandy (France) Nobility in England is French Domesday Book (census) solidifying power to the monarchy Feudalism (primary lord) hereditary Henry II (married Eleanor of Aquitaine) strong ruler; acquired lands in France King of England = Duke of Normanday. Technically, the English king was a vassal of of the King of France, but that loyalty was never acknowledged. Nobles get worried about the king's ultimate power. MAGNA CARTA signed at Runneymede in 1215. Ensured that the king could not tax without nobles' consent and that all nobility has a right to a fair trial. France French kings after Charlemagne did not have much territory Hugh Capet starts to consolidate power in the 900s. His family stays on the throne for 200 years (the Capetians). How did Capetians gain power? hereditary title turning nobles against each other allegiances Holy Roman Empire (Germany) Used to be part of Charlemagne's empire; no clear ruler 966, Otto I (the Great) dubbed the Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope after helping the pope against invading armies Emperors elected and then crowned by the Pope. Later emperors do not like this process. Lay investiture: the installation of bishops by secular rulers. Pope Gregory VII (the Great) wanted to rid of this practice. Kings wanted to keep it. Holy Roman Empire begins to sour in itself relationship with the Pope. The Crusades Holy Wars/religious quests 7 of them European Christians vs. Muslims in the Holy Land (Israel) 10951099 First Crusade = success pilgrimmages Pope Urban II calls for knights to go on crusade. "Take up the cross" Crusades after 1st crusade are not successful Warriormonks (Templars and Hospitallers) Trade and new ideas Castles 2 functions: defense & village life LATE MIDDLE AGES Black Death caused 4060% of Europe's population to die Black Death = Bubonic and Pneumonic Plagues Religion, Society and Economics totally change The Church already has corrupt leaders; coupled with the Plague, many lose faith in the Church and the Church loses power Overall, life in the Late Middle Ages declines 1
