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Main Idea Governmental and social problems led to the end of the creation of a new form of Roman government. 1) Etruscan Rule Ends a) ____________ ruled Rome until about 509 BC i) Romans revolted, threw out last of kings, setup new type of government b) ____________ —elected officials governed state 2) The Roman Republic a) Patricians i) ___________________ consisted of aristocratic families (1) Controlled all society (a) Politics (b) ______________________ (c) Economics (d) Military (2) Maintained ____________ through_________________ system b) Plebeians i) _________________ people who challenged patricians for power (1) Rome was invaded and _____________ refused to fight until changes made (a) Patricians_________________ plebeian rights ii) Created ________________ Council (1) Created to protect interest (a) Gained right to elect officials known as _________________ (i) Tribunes were to protect against Patrician Officials 1. 450 BCE, forced Patricians to have all ____________ written down a. Laws displayed in Roman ____________, on 12 large bronze tablets i. Because laws were ____________, patrician judges could not make decisions based on own opinions or ___________ laws 2. ____________ between patricians and plebeians forbidden 3) Republican Government a) Created new offices of government i) Consisted of ____________ parts: ____________, popular ____________, ____________ (1) Initially dominated by ____________; all state offices later open to both ____________, ____________ b) Elements of Government i) Senate: ____________ members, advised elected officials, controlled public ____________, handled all ____________ relations ii) Popular assemblies: in these all citizens ____________ on ____________, ____________ officials iii) Magistrates: governed in name of ____________ and ____________, put ____________ into practice, acted as ____________ 4) Agrarian Roots a) Romans prided themselves on connection with _____________________ i) _____________, ____________________ noblest way to make money (1) Cincinnatus (a) Turned to farmer __________________ to protect from invasion 1 (i) People made him ____________________ 1. Could only be dictator for 6 months (b) Defeated enemies and returned to ___________________ (i) Did not hold ______________________ ii) USE CHART ON PAGE 166 TO COMPLETE CHART iii) 5) The _________________ in Politics a) 107 BC, social unrest reached new level i) General Gaius _______________ elected consul (1) Eliminated _______________________ restrictions (2) Accepted anyone who wanted to join ___________________ ii) Armies, private forces devoted to general (1) Poor hoped to share ________________ at end of war (2) Ruthless generals realized _________________ of troops could be used as ___________________ tool b) The Social War i) Rome’s ________________ allies had been trying to obtain Roman _____________________ (1) Senate wanted to maintain _______________ on power, refused (2) 90 BC, _____________ War broke out (3) Italian rebels were ________________, but Senate agreed to give them __________________ c) Civil War i) Social War revealed talent of General Lucius Cornelius ________________ (1) Sulla became _______________, 88 BC; after consulship ended, Marius tried to prevent Sulla from taking military command (a) Sulla marched on ________________, won civil war, became ______________ (b) Carried out program of _______________ to protect power of ______________ 6) Rome Becomes an Empire 2 a) Sulla paved the way for major changes in Rome’s _____________________. The end of the Republic resulted from the ____________________ of a few individuals. i) The ________________ Triumvirate (1) Julius ______________, Gnaeus ______________, Licinius _______________ helped bring end to Republic (a) Caesar, Pompey successful _________________ commanders (b) Crassus one of ________________ people in Rome (2) 60 BC, the _______________ took over Roman state, ruled as First _________________ ii) End of Triumvirate (1) Crassus _______________; Pompey, Caesar fought _______________ war (a) Caesar defeated Pompey, took full control of ___________, became ____________________________, 44 BC (2) Caesar brought many _______________ to Rome, ______________ reforms (3) Senate feared he would __________________ Roman Republic, murdered him, Ides of March iii) The Second Triumvirate (1) Caesar’s _____________ did not save the ___________________ (2) 43 BC, Second Triumvirate took power—Caesar’s adopted son, ________________; loyal officer Marc ___________________; high priest __________________ (3) Lepidus pushed aside; Antony, Octavian agreed to govern _______________ the empire each, Octavian in _______________, Antony in ___________________ iv) Civil War (1) ______________ war between Octavian, Antony broke out (a) Octavian defeated Antony and his ally, Egypt’s Queen ___________________ (i) Cleopatra, Antony committed ________________; Octavian alone controlled _______________________ (2) Republic effectively ___________________; new period in Roman history beginning 7) From Octavian to Augustus a) Octavian Takes Power i) Octavian faced task of restoring ________________ in empire ii) Had no intention of establishing _____________________ when he took power b) New Political Order i) Octavian decided it impossible to return Rome to ___________________ form of government ii) Created new political order, known today as the _________________ c) Principate i) Octavian careful to avoid title of ______________ or __________________ (1) Called himself princeps, “___________________________” ii) Government called ___________________ d) New Title i) 27 BC, Senate gave Octavian title ___________________, “the revered one” (1) Title a _________________ honor; (a) able to wear laurel and oak leaf ______________________ 8) The Augustan Age a) Augustus head of state more than ______________ years, made smooth transition to new imperial government with power divided between _____________ and ___________________ i) Most financial, administrative matters under _______________________ control 3 b) Foreign Affairs i) Started program to bring peace to ____________, particularly to _____________, Spain (1) Began series of conquests that pushed border eastward to _________________ River (a) Also took special care of Rome itself “I found Rome built of _____________; I leave her ________________ in __________________” c) Legacy i) Created police force, fire brigades; stockpiled food, water ii) Began building program; presided over moral, religious reforms iii) Great period of ____________________ creativity; great writers like Horace, Ovid, Virgil 9) The Good Emperors a) Empire grew tremendously under Good Emperors i) Reached limits of expansion under __________________________ (1) Added what are now Romania, Armenia, ______________________, and the _________________ Peninsula ii) Successor ________________________ thought empire too large (1) Withdrew from almost all _________________ additions (2) Built defensive _________________________ to guard against invasions (3) Built wall _____________________ miles long in northern Britain 10) Legal System a) Laws i) Roman law _____________ the empire ii) Laws specified what could, could not be done; penalties for _________________ law iii) Same laws applied to _____________________ in empire, wherever they lived b) Agriculture i) Agriculture remained primary __________________ throughout _______________________ (1) Most farms, independent with little, no ____________________ to sell (2) ________________ farmers began to replace _________________ on large farms c) Manufacturing i) Manufacturing increased throughout empire ii) Italy, Gaul, Spain—_____________________ made cheap pottery, textiles iii) Fine glassware made in eastern cities like _____________________ 11) Trade a) Italy imported ________________, meat, raw materials from ___________________ i) Merchants brought silks, linens, glassware, jewelry, furniture from ________________ (1) ______________, _______________ became ______________________ centers b) Transportation i) Commercial activity possible because of empire’s location around Mediterranean and extensive _____________________ network, Ultimately about ___________________________ miles of roads bound empire together c) Military and Merchant Routes i) Most roads built, maintained for ___________________ purposes ii) Cheaper to transport grain by ship from one end of Mediterranean to other than to send it overland; most _________________ went by __________________________ 4