Download SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single

SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing
complexity of systems.
a. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.
All life on Earth depends on the flow of energy. The primary source of this energy is the ________.
Photosynthesis -is the process that happens in the _______________ of plant cells and converts ___________ energy
to chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates, or _______________. Photosynthetic organisms must also break down
carbohydrates to form ATP. These carbohydrates are usually in the form of simple sugars, mainly glucose.
_______________are organisms that can make their own energy-providing food molecules. _________________ is the
pigment found in chloroplasts of plants that absorbs energy from sunlight.
Write the equation for photosynthesis
______________________________________________
________________________________________________
Two Main Reactions of Photosynthesis:
1. Light dependent reaction – these reactions split water molecules, creating ______, an energy source for the Calvin
cycle. _______________ is released into the atmosphere. This reaction takes place in the _________________ of the
chloroplast.
2. Light independent reaction, aka Calvin cycle – the series of reactions that produce _____________ using ___________
____________ and ATP. This reaction takes place in the _________________ of the chloroplast.
Cellular Respiration-is the process that happens in the _________________ of both plant and animal cells and
breaks down _____________ to form ____________, ATP for the cell. Aerobic process because it requires
________________.
Write the general equation for cellular respiration:
_____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Glycolysis-First step in cellular respiration. Takes place in the _______________________. Breaks down glucose into 2
________________ acid molecules. Also produces NADH and _____ molecules of ATP.
Two Main Reactions of Cellular Respiration:
1. Krebs Cycle – Takes place in the ___________ of the mitochondria. Breaks down the pyruvic acid produced during
Glycolysis to produce energy carrying molecules, NADH & FADH2, that will be used in the electron transport chain. Also
produces ______ molecules of ATP.
2. Electron Transport Chain – Takes place in the ___________________ of the mitochondria. ADP is converted to ATP
by transferring electrons. Oxygen is used to make ____________. ______ molecules of ATP are produced.
Fermentation-Happens after glycolysis when oxygen is not present. ______________ process because it does not
require oxygen. Takes place in the ____________ of cells.
2 Types of Fermentation:
1. Lactic acid fermentation-occurs in animal muscles, used in the production of yogurt and cheese, also gives sour taste to
fermented vegetables like pickles.
2. Alcoholic fermentation-involves yeast and certain bacteria. Used in the production of alcoholic beverages and bread.
b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants,
and animals).
Kingdoms
Characteristics
Eubacteria
ArcheaBacteria
Protista
Fungi
Present in
some/Absent in
others
Cell Wall
(chitin)
Planate
Animalia
Multicellular
Multicellular
Prokaryotic/
Eukaryotic?
Cell Wall
Present/Absent?
Cell Wall
Unicellular/
Multicellular/Both
Autotroph/
Heterotroph/Both





Unicellular
Both
Both
Both
Both
Heterotrophic
All prokaryotic organisms are either in the kingdom Archaebacteria or the kingdom Eubacteria (true
bacteria).
o The Eubacteria contain all of the bacteria that cause disease as well as the bacteria that are
beneficial.
o The Archaebacteria are mainly found in extreme environments such as the deep oceans, hot
springs, and swamps.
The Protists kingdom contains eukaryotic organisms that are either unicellular or multi-cellular. They
lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments.
Fungi are consumers that do not move. They are unicellular or multi- cellular heterotrophic eukaryotes
that absorb nutrients from decomposing dead organisms and wastes in the environment.
Plants are photosynthetic multi-cellular eukaryotes. Most plants have cellulose cell walls and tissues
that have been organized into organs and organ systems.
Animals are multi-cellular eukaryotic consumers. Animal cells do not have cell walls. Their tissues have
been organized into complex organ systems such as the nervous system, muscle system and digestive
system
3 Domains in the Classification System:
Kingdom Eubacteria-Domain _________________________
Kingdom Archaebacteria-Domain _______________________
Kingdom ProtistaKingdom FungiDomain ____________________
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Animalia-
c. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.
Classification is the grouping of objects based on similarities. Modern classification uses the following levels to
classify organisms. __________________ is the branch of biology dealing with the grouping and naming of
organisms.
List the eight basic levels of modern classification of THE LINNAEN SYSTEM, named after Carolus
Linnaeus.
LARGEST
Binomial nomenclature: a two-word scientific name that consists of the ___________ and ______________ name
Cladogram-an evolutionary tree made using cladistics. Organized based on common ancestry. Species placed in
order that they descended from a common ancestor.
On the cladogram in Figure 12.1, label: clades,
derived characteristics, outgroup, common ancestor.
d. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms.
 Viruses are infectious particles made of a _____________ shell called a capsid.
 Viruses are considered _______living.
 Viruses need a ________ cell to exist.
 Viruses contains either __________ or __________.
 The genetic material is single-stranded or double-stranded depending on the kind of virus.
 Some viruses have an outer membranous _____________ which covers the capsid.
 These viral envelopes, derived from the host cell membrane, may contain both viral and host cell
lipids and proteins
Viruses are not considered living organisms because they are not cells and they cannot ______________ outside of
a host cell.