Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
069-071_GRS_CH17_065744-X 12/1/01 10:19 AM Page 69 Back Print Name CHAPTER Class 17 Date Guided Reading Strategies 17.1 The Ming and Qing Dynasties Modern Chapter 8 READING THE SECTION As you read the section, fill in the effects of the causes listed below. 1. Cause: The Ming dynasty wanted China to remain self-sufficient. Effect: 2. Cause: The Qing wanted the Chinese to show their submission to the Manchu. Effect: 3. Cause: Regions began to specialize in manufacturing goods, and cities grew. Effect: 4. Cause: Farming populations grew and needed more food. Effect: 5. Cause: A wealthy urban population developed. Effect: 6. Cause: Chinese scholars began to have a humanist approach to study. Effect: 7. Cause: The population of China grew rapidly during the Qing dynasty. Effect: 8. Cause: Peasants were angered by tax increases and government inefficiency. Effect: POST-READING QUICK CHECK After you have finished reading the section, in the space provided, explain why the Ming and the Qing looked down on merchants and trade with other countries. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt World History: The Human Journey 69 Guided Reading Strategies i-55_GRS-GEO_AK_065744-X 12/17/01 1:59 PM Page 28 Back Print ANSWER KEY 6. Philip II treated the Dutch harshly Detail C: Advances were made in ship building. Main Idea II: Detail A: Coins with fixed values were introduced. Detail B: Joint-stock companies were developed. They were a new kind of business in which individual merchants joined together. Main Idea III: Detail A: Mercantilism stated that a government should do all that it can to increase a country’s wealth. Detail B: In order to regulate imports, a country could place tariffs on incoming goods. Detail C: In order to foster domestic economic growth, a country’s government could provide grants of money to help businesspeople get started. 7. 8. 9. 10. because of the popularity of Calvinism in their country. The Dutch were able to defeat the Spaniards using guerrilla warfare. Because the Dutch were expert sailors and shipbuilders, they controlled European commerce. Amsterdam was a lively cultural and financial center. The Dutch successfully established many varied colonies, because they never tried to convert people to their religion, or force them to accept their language or laws. Post-Reading Quick Check 1. Demand for costly, Spanish-made goods declined. 2. The Spanish monarchy expelled Jews and Moriscos, many of whom were skilled bankers, businesspeople, and other people essential to the economy. 3. Much of Spain’s wealth passed through the country quickly, because it was used to buy goods from other countries. Post-Reading Quick Check 1. Some Europeans settled in the colonies to gain land and wealth. 2. Some went to gain quick profits to take home with them. 3. Other Europeans went seeking religious freedom. SECTION 3 Chapter 17 (Modern Chapter 8) Reading the Section 1. a 6. a 2. b 7. b 3. b 8. a 4. a 9. a 5. b 10. a SECTION 1 Reading the Section 1. The emperors refused to depend on Post-Reading Quick Check 2. As a result of the European slave trade, native African populations dwindled. This had a disastrous effect on Africa’s development and progress. 3. SECTION 4 4. Reading the Section 1. Ponce de León 2. Hernán Cortés 3. The Spaniards were able to defeat the 5. 6. large Aztec army with their horses and guns. 4. the Inca Empire 5. religious wars 7. foreign trade as a source of government revenue. All Chinese men were required to wear their hair tied in a queue (tail), a style that was worn by the Manchu. Merchants gained more respect, because they provided essential goods to those who lived in the cities. Farmers increased the amount of land used for farming and planted new crops. As a result, popular culture grew in China. Chinese scholars began to organize a manuscript library of rare works from the past. Increased pressure was placed on the Qing government. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt World History: The Human Journey 28 Geography Activities/Guided Reading Answer Key i-55_GRS-GEO_AK_065744-X 12/17/01 1:59 PM Page 29 Back Print ANSWER KEY SECTION 3 8. In the White Lotus Rebellion, a group of Reading the Section peasants led by a Buddhist cult revolted against the government. Topic I: Detail B: The daimyo Toyotomi Hideyoshi failed in his attempt to invade and capture Korea. Detail C: The daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa shogunate , which lasted 250 years. Topic II: The Tokugawa shogunate had considerable influence over the daimyo and those who supported him. Detail B: Some historians believe that the shoguns prohibited the daimyo from making alliances with each other. Topic III: Detail A: The shogunate forced Portuguese traders and missionaries to leave the country. Detail C: Japanese people were prohibited from traveling abroad. Post-Reading Quick Check The governments of both the Ming and the Qing dynasties looked down on merchants and trade with other countries, because they didn’t see foreign goods and influence as being especially beneficial to the Chinese people. SECTION 2 Reading the Section 1. East India Company: British trading com- 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. pany who established a monopoly for the trade of Chinese tea Free Trade: supporters of this idea felt that governments should not interfere or regulate international trade Opium War: British did not respond to requests from China to stop the trade of opium, so the Chinese tried to forcibly stop it; war erupted, and the British defeated the Chinese and gained the island of Hong Kong. Extraterritoriality: another benefit granted to the British after the Opium War; states that foreigners must follow the laws of their own country instead of the laws of the country in which they live Unequal treaties: signed by the Chinese with other countries due to defeat and fear of further invasion; mainly benefited foreign powers Taiping Rebellion: rebellion against the Qing dynasty; led by Hong Xiuquan who was influenced by the teaching of Christians and wanted to establish a new dynasty; along with other revolts, it seriously weakened the Qing empire Post-Reading Quick Check The shogunate ended their time of isolation by signing a treaty with the United States. This caused their opponents to question their authority to rule. Eventually they were overthrown. Chapter 18 (Modern Chapter 9) SECTION 1 Reading the Section 1. The first Ottomans were Turkish soldiers 2. 3. 4. Post-Reading Quick Check Because the Qing rulers were defeated in the Opium War with Britain, they became fearful of foreign powers and attempted to please them with lenient trade laws and land grants. 5. 6. 7. known as ghazis, or warriors for Islam. Osman led the ghazis in their fight against the Byzantines. Timur defeated the Ottoman Turks at Ankara. Mehmed II conquered Constantinople, renamed it Istanbul, and made it the Ottoman capital. Süleyman was the greatest sultan because he extended the Ottoman Empire and brought it to its height. The grand viziers were second in command to the sultans. The reaya were the ordinary people in the Ottoman society. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt World History: The Human Journey 29 Geography Activities/Guided Reading Answer Key